Respiration inverstigaton essays

Breath inverstigaton papers The point of this test is to gauge three parts of human relaxing. Flowing volume; volume of air that moves all through the lungs during one pattern of relaxing. Breathing rate the rate at which breathing happens. Crucial limit the proportion of the volume of the subjects lungs The react of the flowing volume and breathing rate to oxygen request will likewise be estimated. The lungs are where vaporous trade happens. Breathing is the manner by which air enters and leaves the lungs, going through the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Breathing comprises of two sections, bringing air into the chest (inward breath) and breathing air retreat once more (exhalation). Weight changes are engaged with breathing; these progressions realize the development of air all through the lungs. The ribs bolster the body mass of the chest, which has an arch shape base framed by the stomach. When breathing in air the intercostals muscles contract raising the ribs upwards and outwards. The stomach contracts and is brought down and straightened. This at that point brings about the volume of the chest expanding, which implies the weight in the chest diminishes. As the weight is lower in the chest pit than the climatic weight of the air outside the lungs, the air is attracted the chest pit by means of the upper respiratory section. While breathing out, muscles of the stomach and the intercostal muscles unwind. The ribs move inwards and down, bringing about a reduction in the volume of the chest. This causes an expansion in pressure. The weight is currently higher in the lungs the climatic weight, air moves out of the lung through a similar upper section as in breathing in. The body needs oxygen to be continually conveyed and carbon dioxide evacuated in this way, breathing happens for the duration of our lives. The example of breathing shifts under states of activity, stress, wellness, and so on. ... <!

Financial Reporting in New Zealand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Money related Reporting in New Zealand - Essay Example Along these lines, budgetary announcing gives data that help speculators, lenders, and others evaluate the sums, timing, and vulnerability of planned net money inflows to the related endeavor. Chiefs' uses data in the money related report on the best way to base speculation, credit and different choices underlies the goals of monetary announcing. A basic assessment is done according to the convenience of the money related detailing and the reason it serves. This paper talks about if the arrangement of a valid and reasonable perspective on a substance's monetary position and execution is legally necessary. It shows the significance of applied system and why we use guidelines that are a piece of Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (GAAP) to administer money related revealing in New Zealand. Organizations, backers and all open part substances in New Zealand are required under enactment to act with agreement with General Accounting Acceptable Principles (GAAP) while introducing their outside money related reports. As indicated by New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants, they guarantee that those engaged with arrangement of money related reports of elements to agree to General Accounting Acceptable Principles (GAAP) and any dissention ought to be accounted for. (New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants, 2006) Sound accounting guidelines (GAAP) are bookkeeping decides that are utilized to get ready budget reports for traded on an open market organizations and privately owned businesses just as non benefit making associations. The sound accounting standards work under an alternate series of expectations, standards, and limitations. GAAP guarantees that the fiscal summaries are valuable to significant clients as they have the accompanying fundamental characteristics. Pertinence: A pertinent data help clients of the fiscal reports to anticipate the future occasion corresponding to the present and the past. This data must be accessible before the choice is made, so for this case they have any kind of effect in dynamic. Unwavering quality: The data introduced in the budget report ought to be dependable for example on the off chance that an autonomous reviewer checks it utilizing a similar strategy; he ought to have the option to get a similar outcome. Equivalent: The monetary announced ought to likewise have the option to be accounted for in a similar way for an alternate association henceforth one can look at money related consequences of various organizations. Predictable: This implies a similar bookkeeping strategy applied ought to be the equivalent from period to period ought to be all around clarified and defended. This permits correlation of budget reports of a similar organization of various periods. For GAAP to accomplish its destinations, it is typically guided by fundamental suppositions, standards and obliges. The Assumptions incorporates: Monetary Entity Assumption: There is a presumption that the business is

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Vital administration - Essay Example Unsettling influence in North Africa and the Middle East had critical effect (Jones, 2012) while Uganda held onto contested permit of TOC and held its 33% stake deal to legacy and CNOC (Mason, 2011c) ECONOMIC Significant wellspring of income for nation. Increment in charge from UK legislature of around ?10 billion brought about expanded worries from oil and gas investigation organizations guaranteeing negative effect on work misfortunes and family unit charges (Mason, 2011b) TECHNOLOGICAL Extensive mechanical aptitude is required for oil and gas investigation. TOC has marked multi year contract with FMC innovations for tasks in Subsea administrations (PennEnergy Editorial Staff, 2013). SOCIAL Development of investigation plants brings about social improvement of the nation. Common society focuses on the responsibility need of installment from oil and gas organizations to provinces and their particular usage (Stewart, 2011). Ecological Business has huge effect in the earth. Investigat ion in Savanna and Wetlands was cautioned for influencing characteristic land to elephants and lions by UNESCO (Manson, 2011a) LEGAL Governments are expanding pressures with expanded duty framework in lieu of draining world oil saves (Holmes, 2011). INDUSTRY ASSESSMENT Oil and Gas investigation industry is expanding serious no matter how you look at it. BHP Billiton, Centrica, Shell, E.ON, Bayerngas UK, Bridge Energy, ConocoPhillips, DONG Energy, Endeavor, GDF SUEZ, iGas, Perenco, Total and Tullow Oil conforms to 60% of the UK oil creation. Expanded intensity is available in the business in spite of overwhelming capitalization which turns into an obstruction to the business. For example, ongoing proposal from Uruguay for the investigation got 15 offers from nine members while four were allowed rights. The offer made for 15 squares yet acknowledged offers for nine just while each square had rivalry among multiple bidders (Webber, 2012). Inferable from world’s expanded need of vitality the haggling intensity of purchaser is ceaselessly diminishing while the intensity of provider is reliably rising. Sustainable power source offering substitute are as yet not ready to influence the interest of the vitality. Extreme rivalry has gone contenders to move towards key community oriented endeavors. Interior ASSESSMENT: Market Line (2012) has led top to bottom evaluation of Tullow and has recognized after SWOT factors: STRENGTHS WEAKNESS Competitive bit of leeway of driving oil and gas investigation business in Africa. Tullow has critical resources across Europe, Asia and South America notwithstanding Africa. The organization has huge obligation of around $2,854 million of every 2011, which is a huge increment from $1,943 million out of 2010. Consequently, inferable from developing serious weights immense obligation can adversely affect Tullow’s ability to contend. Openings THREATS The procurement that has been Tullow’s procedure to improve its portfo lio despite everything offers incredible open doors in future. Current advancements in Uganda and Ghana, for example, improvement of Jubilee oil Field have potential for future turn of events. Tullow has significant capital activities in progress while ventures for FY2012 summed around $ 2 billion. Capital uses brought about and arranged offer more noteworthy open doors for future. Huge players of industry than Tullow has fundamentally more noteworthy quality from all points of view, for example, innovation, budgetary assets thus present genuine dangers. Oil

When Growth Stalls †1 Page Review Free Essays

Presentation It’s offering guidance for maintaining a strategic distance from development slows down, drawing from rehearses right now being used everywhere, high-development organizations to anticipate potential slows down and head them off. Article gives four classifications which viewed as fundamental explanation behind development slows down. A top notch position reverse discharges, advancement the board separates, center business is deserted rashly and organization comes up short on a solid ability seat. We will compose a custom exposition test on At the point when Growth Stalls †1 Page Review or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now The key point is that the entirety of the most widely recognized reasons for development slows down are not originated from outside power. It’s from management’s disappointment. Hence it’s comprehensible and preventable. To recognize the indication of development slows down, they propose us to utilize demonstrative individual test they created. It’s the asking, what company’s ranking directors have found in their business sectors, in their rivals, in their own inner practice that may be caution of approaching slow down. To forestall the development slows down, they prescribe us to make key presumptions express and convey forward it significance and precision. Therefore, nimbleness for responding to changes of situation will be improved. Four practices are required to do that procedure. In the first place, commission a center conviction recognizable proof crew which comprised with workers who are less stick to current orthodoxies. Second, lead groups which create dreams of your company’s future five years henceforth. Third, select a shadow bureau. Finally, request that a financial speculator participate in procedure audits and test for shortcoming. Authors’ demand that on the methodology motivation, guarding against development slows down ought to be at the top. What's more, firm ought to reestablish their capability in methodology in this point. Constraint and deformity The authors’ push is sensible hypothetically. In scholarly methodology, it’s fitting and new thought. Notwithstanding, since hypotheses depend on outcomes, it engages an uncertainty to justify speculations in results. Subsequently, it’s strife against genuine business circumstance. As a matter of first importance, there are a ton of brands who are keeping up their market authority despite the fact that they experiencing four basic reasons for development slow down. In genuine business territory, there are bundle of brands which exploit as item separation in this way don’t care their adversaries in spite of the fact that they’ve got cost administration. Harley Davidson or John Galliano will be the run of the mill cases. Both of brands even don’t care about customers’ inclination. As opposed to that, they make client to be pulled in by their brands by client themselves. Especially in the extravagance great market, brands don't attempt to stick their idea as contemporary or in vogue. They continues their own shading. (From investigate by Custo Barcelona in 2010) Moreover, Asahi Breweries, who’ve got upper hand by surrendering center item rashly and direly supplant it to new item, can be refuter of articles hypothesis as well. (Data from Harvard Business School in 1994) Secondly, there are an excessive number of limitations to assimilate their devices in genuine business. Appling individual test to predict a slow down isn't that simple as they demand in light of the fact that it’s indistinct to characterize the major explanation of the marvel. It very well may be brought about by the monetary downturn of entire industry, took care of in the customer’s inclination, where item lifecycle is, or perhaps it very well may be sign of slow down. We can’t affirm in a general sense where the downside is begun. Other than use four practices which help to make vital supposition that is progressively muddled. We can sure that cost of embracing these practices will be high, however can’t certainty how compelling it will be work. Productivity of those practices will be not the same as each company’s association, corporate culture, etc. Consequently some of the time it very well may be bother of the hazard. Moreover, welcoming an investor can be more dangerous than their adequacy. Discovering devoted and influent VC who is guaranteed to not release the limited data about partnership will be enormous errand to tackle. Anyway, to change this push, I’d recommend not ignore externalities. They’ve too many weighted in the board issue. Increasingly major causes will be emerges in outer condition, for example, danger of substitutes or innovative changes. At that point, notice about contrast among industry and solid supplementation for their instruments which exhibit its genuine impact in truly business will be required. Instructions to refer to When Growth Stalls †1 Page Review, Essay models

How BPD Can Inhibit Bereavement

How BPD Can Inhibit Bereavement BPD Print How Borderline Personality Disorder Can Inhibit Bereavement By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Johner Images / Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions Bereavement, also known as grief, is defined as a set of reactions to a significant loss. While bereavement usually refers to the loss of a loved one, it may also refer to the loss of employment, a physical ability, possessions, or other events. Bereavement is a complex process that is considered normal and may be accompanied by a variety of emotional reactions, behavioral responses, and thoughts. For example, in the course of bereavement, you may experience sadness, anger, and/or relief. You may also feel the urge to withdraw from other people or to seek out social support. Bereavement thats prolonged, overwhelming, or that seriously impairs your daily life is considered complicated bereavement, a condition that may require therapy with a healthcare professional. Bereavement and Borderline Personality Disorder While there is very little research in this area, people with borderline personality disorder  (BPD), which is characterized by an intense fear of abandonment, may theoretically be at greater risk for complicated bereavement due to their intense emotional reactions to separation from loved ones. If you have BPD, grief can be much more intense when you lose a friend or loved one than it is for other people. You may express your grief through impulsive or destructive behaviors, like drinking or violence. These actions usually only worsen your grief and continue a cycle of pain and distress. BPD can also limit your expression of grief. It can cause a sense of anger, guilt, and shame thats completely unwarranted. Frustration and rage are particularly common. Your anger can be spurred by feelings of helplessness and loneliness. In the case of the death of a loved one, you may feel responsible for what happened, even when thats not the case whatsoever. You may already continually struggle with feelings of abandonment and rejection sensitivity, which can be heightened with the death of a loved one. This can keep you from handling bereavement in a healthy way because you feel so alone and isolated. Or you may be so used to hiding your emotions that you cannot go through the natural grieving process. By suppressing your feelings and your sense of loss, you extend the bereavement process and make it much more complicated, inhibiting your ability to function. Bereavement in Therapy Unfortunately, loss and grief is part of life and learning to handle bereavement is essential for your mental and physical well-being. If you have BPD and are struggling with managing your emotions and grief after a loss, seek out a therapist specializing in personality disorders. A good therapist can help you through the normal bereavement stages and help you handle those feelings of anger, helplessness, and frustration. He or she will walk you through the natural process so you can handle it healthily without resorting to dangerous behaviors or self-harm. You may also learn some coping techniques to help you manage your intense emotions, from mindfulness meditation to keeping a journal. While the bereavement process can be painful and upsetting, its essential in order for you to heal and move forward. By seeking treatment, you can begin learning how to handle losses appropriately. Borderline Personality Disorder and Your Family

Research Papers on Media

Research Papers on Media Media is a science that falls into the scope of the publicity and advertisement. Main objective of this science is to identify the main sources and ways of attracting target audience to a particular product. When we walk in the city and find ourselves diving into the colourful banners on the streets or listening short announcements in the underground, reading newspaper with a lot of small and big advertisement campaigns – it is all the result of the media specialists’ work. â€Å"Your advertisement could be here† is one of the very common ways to attract your attention and if you read this phrase on the wall or on the city stand, it means that these promotional tactics work and you are one of the target audience. The purpose of this research document is to analyse the evolution and the scope of the job responsibilities and key objectives of the media specialists in the current market environment. A lot of literature was specifically dedicated to analysis of marketing topics and media in particular. One of the aspects that, from my perspectives, still has a lot of room for research and analysis, is the way this science evolved during the last decade. The results of the analysis will provide a deep insight into the evolution of media in view of the changes, determined by the needs of society and fast-changing business environment. The research document is based on the analysis of the previous literature and face-to-face interview with 23 specialists from the media sphere, represented by gender, various job functions and varied level of the organization. On the basis of the analysis, the writer will drive the conclusions on the evolution process of media functions.

Rachel Carson Quotes on the Environment

Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring documenting the impacts of pesticides on ecology. Because of this book, Rachel Carson is often credited with reviving the environmentalist movement. Selected Rachel Carson Quotations †¢ The control of nature is a phrase conceived in arrogance, born of the Neanderthal age of biology and philosophy when it was supposed that nature exists for the convenience of man. The concepts and practices of applied entomology for the most part date from that Stone Age of science. It is our alarming misfortune that so primitive a science has armed itself with the most modem and terrible weapons and that in turning them against the insects it has also turned them against the earth. †¢ Through all these new, imaginative, and creative approaches to the problem of sharing our earth with other creatures there runs a constant theme, the awareness that we are dealing with life with living populations and all their pressures and counter pressures, their surges, and recessions. Only by taking account of such life forces and by cautiously seeking to guide them into channels favorable to ourselves can we hope to achieve a reasonable accommodation between the insect hordes and ourselves. †¢ We stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frosts familiar poem, they are not equally fair. The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster. The other fork of the road -- the one less traveled by -- offers our last, our only chance to reach a destination that assures the preservation of the earth. †¢ If I had influence with the good fairy who is supposed to preside over the christening of all children, I should ask that her gift to each child in the world be a sense of wonder so indestructible that it would last throughout life. †¢ For all at last returns to the sea -- to Oceanus, the ocean river, like the ever-flowing stream of time, the beginning and the end. †¢ One way to open your eyes is to ask yourself, What if I had never seen this before? What if I knew I would never see it again?† †¢ Those who dwell, as scientists or laymen, among the beauties and mysteries of the earth are never alone or weary of life. †¢ If facts are the seeds that later produce knowledge and wisdom, then the emotions and the impressions of the senses are the fertile soil in which the seeds must grow. †¢ If a child is to keep alive his inborn sense of wonder, he needs the companionship of at least one adult who can share it, rediscovering with him the joy, excitement, and mystery of the world we live in. †¢ It is a wholesome and necessary thing for us to turn again to the earth and in the contemplation of her beauties to know of wonder and humility. †¢ Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species -- man -- acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. †¢ Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts. †¢ The more clearly we can focus our attention on the wonders and realities of the universe about us, the less taste we shall have for destruction. †¢ No witchcraft, no enemy action had silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken world. The people had done it themselves. †¢ Like the resource it seeks to protect, wildlife conservation must be dynamic, changing as conditions change, seeking always to become more effective. †¢ To stand at the edge of the sea, to sense the ebb and flow of the tides, to feel the breath of a mist moving over a great salt marsh, to watch the flight of shore birds that have swept up and down the surf lines of the continents for untold thousands of year, to see the running of the old eels and the young shad to the sea, is to have knowledge of things that are as nearly eternal as any earthly life can be. †¢ There is no drop of water in the ocean, not even in the deepest parts of the abyss, that does not know and respond to the mysterious forces that create the tide. †¢ The current vogue for poisons has failed utterly to take into account these most fundamental considerations. As crude a weapon as the cave mans club, the chemical barrage has been hurled against the fabric of life a fabric, on the one hand, delicate and destructible, on the other miraculously tough and resilient, and capable of striking back in unexpected ways. These extraordinary capacities of life have been ignored by the practitioners of chemical control who have brought to their task no high-minded orientation, no humility before the vast forces with which they tamper. †¢ These sprays, dusts, and aerosols are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests, and homes-nonselective chemicals that have the power to kill every insect, the good and the bad, to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish in the streams, to coat the leaves with a deadly film, and to linger on in soil-all this though the intended target may be only a few weeds or insects. Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life? They should not be called insecticides, but biocides. Quotes About Rachel Carson †¢ Vera Norwood: In the early 1950s, when Carson finished The Sea Around Us, she was optimistic about the use science could make of nature while still respecting the final priority of natural processes over human manipulation. . . . Ten years later, at work on Silent Spring, Carson was no longer as sanguine about the ability of the environment to protect itself from human interference. She had begun to understand the destructive impact civilization had on the environment and was presented with a dilemma: the growth of civilization destroys the environment, but only through increased knowledge (a product of civilization) can destruction be stopped. John Perkins: She articulated a philosophy of how civilized people ought to relate to nature and its care. Carsons technical critique of insecticides launched from a philosophical foundation ultimately found a home in a new movement, environmentalism, in the late 1960s and 1970s. She must be regarded as one intellectual founder of the movement, even though she perhaps did not intend to do so nor did she live to see the real fruition of her work.

Definition and Examples of Epilogues

An epilogue is a concluding section of (or a postscript to) a speech or literary work. Also called a  recapitulation, an afterword, or an envoi. Though usually short, an epilogue may be as long as an entire chapter in a book. Aristotle, in discussing the arrangement of a speech, reminds us that the epilogue is not essential even to a forensic speech--as when the speech is short or the matter easy to remember; for the advantage of epilogue is abridgement (Rhetoric). The etymology is  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹from the Greek, conclusion of a speech. Epilogue to Animal House Readers are often curious about what happens to the characters after the narrative ends. An epilogue satisfies this curiosity, leaving the reader informed and fulfilled. . . .[T]here is the infamous epilogue of the movie Animal House, in which stop-action frames of the characters contain comic captions describing what happened to them. So the gross-out king, John Blutarsky, becomes a United States senator; and the make-out king, Eric Stratton, becomes a Beverly Hills gynecologist. The desire to know more about characters after the natural ending of a narrative is not a critique of the story, but a compliment to the writer.(Roy Peter Clark, Help! for Writers: 210 Solutions to the Problems Every Writer Faces. Little, Brown and Company, 2011) Nicolaus on the Function of Epilogues in Classical Rhetoric (5th century A.D.) [A]n epilogue is a discourse that leads itself back upon demonstrations that have been said beforehand, encompassing a collecting of matters, characters, and emotions, and its task consists also of this, says Plato, at last to remind the listeners of the things that have been said [Phaedrus 267D].(Nicolaus, Progymnasmata. Readings From Classical Rhetoric, ed. by Patricia P. Matsen, Philip Rollinson, and Marion Sousa. Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1990) Commentary An epilogue is where the author can be expected to wax philosophical. Here, for example, I might tell you that better listening not only transforms personal and professional relationships (which it does) but can also bring understanding across the gender gap, the racial divide, between rich and poor, and even among nations. All that is true, but if Im going to indulge in the unearned right to preach, maybe I should confine myself to matters closer to home. . . .(Michael P. Nichols, The Lost Art of Listening: How Learning to Listen Can Improve Relationships, 2nd ed. Guilford Press, 2009) Rosalinds Epilogue in As You Like It It is not the fashion to see the lady the epilogue; but it is no more unhandsome than to see the lord the prologue. If it be true, that good wine needs no bush, tis true that a good play needs no epilogue. Yet to good wine they do use good bushes; and good plavs prove the better by the help of good epilogues. What a case am I in then, that am neither a good epilogue, nor cannot insinuate with you in the behalf of a good play? I am not furnished like a beggar, therefore to beg will not become me: my way is, to conjure you; and Ill begin with the women. I charge you, О women, for the love you bear to men, to like as much of this play as please you; and I charge you, О men, for the love you bear to women (Ð °Ã · I perceive, by your simpering, none of you hate them) that between you and the women the play may please. If I were a woman, I would kiss as many of you as had beards that pleased me, complexions that liked me, and breaths that I defied not: and I am sure, as many as hav e good beards, or good faces, or sweet breaths, will, for my kind offer, when I make curtsy, bid me farewell.(William Shakespeare, As You Like It) Prosperos Epilogue in The Tempest Now my charms are all oerthrown,And what strength I haves mine own,Which is most faint: now, tis true,I must be here confind by you,Or sent to Naples. Let me not,Since I have my dukedom gotAnd pardond the deceiver, dwellIn this bare island by your spell;But release me from my bandsWith the help of your good hands.Gentle breath of yours my sailsMust fill, or else my project fails,Which was to please. Now I wantSpirits to enforce, art to enchant;And my ending is despair,Unless I be relievd by prayer,Which pierces so that it assaultsMercy itself, and frees all faults.As you from crimes would pardond be,Let your indulgence set me free.(William Shakespeare, The Tempest) Further Reading ConclusionDenouementHow to Borrow Money, by Stephen LeacockParts of a SpeechPeroration

Effective Speech Writing, Inspirational Public Speaking

Writing speeches for graduation, class assignments, or other purposes consists of a lot more than finding a few inspirational quotes and possibly a funny story or two. The key to writing good speeches lies in using a theme. If you always refer back to this theme, the audience will respond positively and remember your words. This does not mean that inspirational quotes are not important, but they should be integrated into your speech in a way that makes sense. Choosing a Theme The first task that a public speaker needs to focus on before they do any actual writing is the message they are trying to convey. My inspiration for this idea came from the speeches of John F. Kennedy. In his Inaugural Speech, he chose to focus on freedom. He addressed many different topics, but always came back to this idea of liberty. When asked to be the guest speaker at a National Honor Society induction recently, I decided to focus on how an individuals daily decisions add up to reveal that persons true character. We can not cheat in the small things and expect these blemishes to never surface. When the real tests in life occur, our character will not be able to withstand the pressure because we have not chosen the harder path all along. Why did I choose this as my theme? My audience consisted of Juniors and Seniors at the top of their respective classes. They had to meet stringent requirements in the areas of scholarship, community service, leadership, and character in order to be accepted into the organization. I wanted to leave them with one idea that might make them think twice. How does this relate to you? First, you must decide who will make up your audience. In a graduation speech, you are addressing your fellow classmates. However, parents, grandparents, teachers and administrators will also be present. While you will be focusing on people your age, what you say must be in line with the dignity of the ceremony itself. Remembering that, think of the ONE thought with which you want to leave your audience. Why only one idea? Mainly because if you reinforce a single point instead of focusing on a number of different ideas, your audience will have a greater tendency to remember it. A speech does not lend itself to having many themes. Stick with one really good theme, and use each point you make, your theme reinforcers, to bring that idea home. If you would like some ideas for possible themes, look at the world around you. What are people concerned about? If you are speaking about the state of education, find one central idea that you feel strongly about. Then return to that idea with each point you make. Write your individual points to reinforce your idea. To return to the graduation speech, check out these top ten themes to use when writing your speech. Utilizing Theme Reinforcers Theme reinforcers are simply the points that a speechwriter uses throughout his or her speech to reinforce the central idea they are trying to get across. In Winston Churchills famous commencement address to Westminster College in 1946, we find him emphasizing over and over again the need for cooperation against tyranny and war. His speech covered serious problems with which the post-war world was faced, including what he termed as the iron curtain that had descended across the European continent. Many say that this speech was the beginning of the cold war.  What we can learn from his address is the importance of continually reiterating one idea. The effect that this speech had on the world is almost incalculable. On a more local note, I used the four requirements necessary to become a member of NHS as my four points. When I discussed scholarship, I returned to my idea of daily decisions and said that a students attitude towards learning is increased positively with each personal decision to focus on the task at hand. If a student enters a class with the attitude that they want to learn what is being taught, then their efforts will shine forth in true learning. I continued in this vein for each of the other three requirements. Of course, this does not mean that throughout the speech the same words are repeated over and over. The hardest part of writing any speech is to approach the main theme from many different angles. Wrapping it All Together Once youve picked your theme and chosen the points you want to emphasize, putting the speech together is fairly simple. You can organize it first in outline form, remembering to return at the end of each point to the theme you are trying to get across. Numbering your points sometimes helps the audience remember where you are and how far you have left to travel before the climax of your speech. This climax is the most important part. It should be the last paragraph, and leave everyone with something to think about. One great way to bring your ideas home is to find a quote which aptly embodies your theme. As Jean Rostand said, Certain brief sentences are peerless in their ability to give one the feeling that nothing remains to be said. Quotes, Resources and an Unconventional Idea Find great quotations and other speech writing resources. The tips found on many of these pages are awesome, especially the strategies for giving the speeches themselves. There are also many unconventional ideas that can be incorporated into speeches. A great example of this occurred during a graduation speech by a Valedictorian which incorporated music throughout. She picked three different songs to represent the students elementary, middle, and high school years and played them softly while she went through memories for the class. Her theme was a celebration of life as it was, is, and will be. She ended with a song of hope and left students with the idea that there was a lot to look forward to in the future. Speech writing is all about knowing your audience and addressing their concerns. Leave your audience with something about which to think. Include humor and inspirational quotes. But make sure that each of these are integrated into the whole. Study the great speeches of the past to find inspiration. The joy that you will feel when you have given a speech that has inspired people is amazing and worth the effort. Good luck! Inspiring Speech Example The following speech was delivered during an induction to the National Honor Society.   Good Evening. I am both honored and flattered to have been asked to speak for this wonderful occasion. I congratulate each of you and your parents. Your achievements in the realms of Scholarship, Leadership, Community Service, and Character are being honored here tonight by your induction into this prestigious society. An honor such as this is a wonderful way for the school and community to recognize and celebrate the choices, and sometimes the sacrifices, you have made. But I believe that what should make you and your parents the most proud is not the actual honor itself, but what you had to do to get it. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said, The reward of a thing well done is to have done it. Any recognition is just the icing on the cake, not to be expected but definitely to be enjoyed. However, I challenge you not to rest on your laurels but to continue to strive towards even loftier goals. The four requirements for membership in which you have excelled: scholarship, leadership, community service, and character were not chosen at random. They are the core of a fulfilled and fulfilling life. The most important thing to remember is that each of these characteristics are the sum of many individual decisions. They embody a positive attitude backed by purpose. The only way to achieve your purpose is to take small actions everyday. In the end, they all add up. My hope for you is that you will cultivate this attitude backed by purpose in your own life. PAUSE Scholarship is much more than just getting straight As. It is a life-long love of learning. In the end it is a sum of small choices. Each time you decide you WANT to learn something, the experience will be so rewarding that the next time becomes easier. Soon learning becomes a habit. At that point, your desire to learn makes getting As easier while taking the focus off of grades. The knowledge can still be hard to gain, but knowing youve mastered a difficult subject is an awesome reward. Suddenly the world around you becomes richer, full of learning opportunities. PAUSE Leadership is not about being elected or appointed to an office. The office does not teach someone how to be a leader. Leadership is an attitude cultivated over time. Are you one to stand up for what you believe in and face the music even when that music happens to be unpleasant? Do you have a purpose and follow that purpose to get the ends you desire? Do you have a vision? These are all questions that true leaders answer in the affirmative.But how do you become a leader? Each small decision you make takes you one step closer. Remember the goal is not to get power, but to get your vision and your purpose across. Leaders without visions can be likened to driving in a strange town without a road map: you are going to wind up somewhere, it just might not be in the best part of town. PAUSE Many see community service as a means to an end. Some might see it as a way to get service points while socializing, while others may view it as an unfortunate (and often inconvenient) necessity of high school life. But is that true community service? Once again true community service is an attitude. Are you doing it for the right reasons? Im not saying there wont be Saturday mornings when you would rather sleep your heart out than paint your heart out. What Im talking about is that in the end, when it is all done, and you are once again well-rested, you can look back and realize that you did something worthwhile. That you helped your fellow man in some way. Remember as John Donne said, No man is an island entire of himself. PAUSE Finally, character. If there is any one thing that is evidenced by your daily choices it is your character. I truly believe what Thomas Macaulay said, The measure of a mans real character is what he would do if he knew he would never be found out. What do you do when no ones around? The teacher steps out of the room for a moment while you are taking a test after school. You know exactly where in your notes the answer to question 23 is. Do you look? Minimal chance of being caught! The answer to this question is the key to your true character. For while being honest and honorable when others are watching is important, being true to yourself is tantamount. And in the end, these private day-to-day decisions will eventually reveal your true character to the world. PAUSE All in all, are making the tough choices worth it? Yes. While it would be easier to slide through life without a purpose, without a code, it would not be fulfilling. Only by setting difficult goals and achieving them can we find true self-worth. One final thing, each persons goals are different, and what comes easy to one may be difficult for another. Therefore, do not squash others dreams. This is a surefire way to know that you arent working towards fulfilling your own. In conclusion, I congratulate you for this honor. You are truly the best of the best. Enjoy yourself, and remember as Mother Teresa said, Life is a promise; fulfill it.

Persuasive Essay On Abortion - 1594 Words

â€Å"I’m pro-responsible choice. There is choice to abstain, choice to do contraception. There are all kinds of good choices.† - Sharron Angle In 1973, Supreme Court made a landmark decision on the Roe v. Wade court case; affirming abortion as a constitutional right for all. This was the beginning of the fight for women’s equality and autonomy. However, women still have been forced to defend their choice against those opposing these decision rights; against politicians and organizations that have dedicated their life to undermining and slowly getting rid of women’s rights until legal abortion is no longer a choice. Each year there have been hundreds of laws restricting women’s constitutional rights; from limiting access to safe, legal†¦show more content†¦The argument is that having the choice to take a life, weather it’s two weeks or 40 weeks, it is inhuman and murderous. For example, the Created Equal group stated that, â€Å"The claim that preborn children are part of womens bodies flies in the face of modern science. Preborn children are dependent upon their mothers, but they are no t part of them. They have their own blood type, bone structure, and genetic code. In fact, the notion that the preborn is part of the mother would result in inane conclusions—such as the mother having four arms, four legs, and, in the case of a preborn boy, even male genitalia. We also know there are limits to choice. The autonomy of any one person does not permit her to infringe on the rights of, or endanger, another. For example, the right of a man to do what he wants with his body does not permit him to rape women. And a woman’s right to do what she wants with her hands ends when she uses them to drown her children. Choice, then, is not absolute. Indeed, some choices are wrong: rape, murder, abuse, etc. Since we would not allow a mother to kill her born children by choice, we must not permit her to kill her preborn children for the same reason. I agree that abortion has been abused by women who are not ready for a child because I think that once a woman decides to h ave sex she is taking that risk of having a child whether she is ready or not. However, if you are one of the 25,000 girls that becomes pregnant through rape orShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Abortion993 Words   |  4 Pagesin two peoples perspectives. The story consisted of a daughter (Deb) and mother’s perspective after the death of her father. The purpose of this layout is to show how they are both grieving in individual ways. Writing for the persuasive was presented as an essay on why abortion should be accessible in every country, and to also outline the shame women receive. Purpose Purpose for writing publication- Purpose for writing a real-estate article was to inform a potential buyer on the house showed. AlsoRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with, there has always been an extensive issue with the topic of abortion, why? Well, it’s a tough subject and can get extremely emotional and very defensive. Honestly, people just need to open up their eye’s and understand that its murder and not just a choice. It is murder because two can create a blessing and the choice of aborting it, is more like a sacrifice for the reason a mother can’t carry a baby for nine months. Whether a person is a minor, young adult, or an adult and is inRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead these babies are torn limb by limb, burned, and many other tortuous methods to end the precious life. Abortion is murder and is not only very cruel to the unborn baby but it also harms the mother. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that a baby is being murdered, and in my eyes a life should only be terminated if God himself is ready to call them home. One reason why abortion is wrong is because they are many other safe solutions that would give the child a chance at life. AdoptionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion917 Words   |  4 PagesAbortions in Texas consist of ending a pregnancy of an unborn child before it can live out of the mother womb. However if the pregnancy ends not on purpose before the twenty four week mark then technically it would be considered a miscarriage. Though inducing the abortion on purpose has caused a lot of controversy over the past century. Deliberately putting people on one of two sides of this issues, of either being for it, which would be considered Pro Choice. Or in the other category of the ProRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1635 Words   |  7 Pagessolve this issue the option of abortion was brought to the forefront by scientists and advocates such as Dan Savage who mentioned that abortion should be mandatory for the next 30 years in or to control the population. (Ertlet) For countri es such as the U.S. with a growth rate being 1.6%, the proposal of widespread abortion is highly recommended as mentioned by obstetricians and gynecologists. (MumfordKessel) Who now leaves the question as to if the option of abortion should be used as a means ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion pregnancies each year in the United States, 1.6 million end up in abortion† (Hern). Because of the numerous traumatic psychological, physical, and overall irresponsible behavior or actions constantly encouraged due to abortion, it should be banned, and forever illegal. Killing one’s own fetus has been linked to psychological distress which has been channeled into many different cases of substance abuse. â€Å"Induced abortion has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, especially amongRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily with someone. Often times accidents happen in which people didn’t plan for, and can lead to many financial problems or neglect of one’s child because the parents weren’t prepared to be parents. This is why there should be the option of abortion. Abortion needs to be an option for everyone because it helps from long lasting mental states, infection, economical problems, and or having conceived from a non consensual circumstance. Pregnancy is a hard and unforgiving to the woman’s body. In factRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion954 Words   |  4 Pagesand nations who destroy life by abortion and euthanasia are the poorest. I do not say legal or illegal, but I think that no human hand should be raised to kill life, since life is God’s life in us, even in an unborn child.† Do you know what abortion really is? Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. Abortion seems to be more common in today’s society. Numerous amounts of individuals support abortion, and do not realize how it affectsRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesfavor of abortion rights. The decision was 7-2, it stated that it showed a â€Å"right of privacy.†Abortions have been performed for thousands of years all around the world, even though many women died from it. Women nowadays have a choice of whether they want to get an abortion. Abortions do come with risk, one of them being death, but women should still have a right and say what they want to do with pregnancy and not be judged by others for doing so. Today the debate across the world is if abortion shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1321 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who may be suicidal or who is suicidal himself/herself. As for taking away fetus’ lives, the damage that abortion makes on life can be proven with the statistics. According to Casey, â€Å"over the past 44 years, one-sixth (60,000,000) of the American population has been killed by elective abortion. Twenty-five percent of African-Americans are killed in the womb America,† (Should Abortion Be Legal n.p.). The figure 60,000,000 is a depressing number considering that these children could have been future

Memory Free Essays

Three participants ages 19, 19, and 20 were asked to listen to three lists of words whose contents ranged from low to high association. The low-association list was defined by words that had no particular relation to each other. Conversely, the high-association list was characterized by words that had very close relationships with each other, whereas the in-between list of medium association contained words among which loose relationships existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each list contained ten words. The three lists were read to each participant in a slow and systematic way, leaving an interval of approximately one second between the calling of each word. Each participant was then given a minute to write down as many words as they could recall. The average number of words remembered from the low-association list was three (3), which represents a low level of recall for short term memory. This is consistent with the idea that the brain employs a short-term memory system that is able to hold limited information, and this can be done for only a short time without the aid of semantic prompters (Brown et al., 1985). The group of words on the low-association list contained almost no semantic prompters, as these words belonged to no specific category that could have been called up in the schema of the persons involved in the experiment.    As a result, the first few words called in each list allowed the participants no leeway to use schema as a mnemonic device for recalling them. Relying therefore only on short-term memory, the participants were able only to remember a small portion of the words. It is also important to note that those which were remembered were the ones located near the end of the list. This indicates that the effort to remember those later words nullified any earlier efforts made at memorization, and consequently removed the earlier words from the participants’ short-term memory. The second list of words containing a limited number of related words (medium association) showed a recall level for the participants of approximately six (6) words. The final two words on the list were recalled by two of the participants, and the other recalled the last word. However, the few words on the list that were related were universally recalled by the participants. The experiment apparently enabled them to make connections among the related words and to further connect them to a category in their schemata. This occurrence points to the tendency of the mind to categorize the information it receives, and the long-term memory of these participants appears to have been activated by associating the related words to their appropriate category. This categorization is most likely the factor that aided the short term memory of the participants, allowing them to recall a greater percentage of the words (almost twice as many) than they were able to recall from the first list. The third list contained words that were all highly related to each other. The experiment demonstrated even more the extent to which semantic categorization has the ability to aid short-term memory. The participants remembered an average of approximately nine (9) words on the list. This represents a vast increase over the previous two tries. This part of the experiment indicates the participants appeal to their long term memory as an aid in memorizing the contents of this list. For instance, despite the fact that the words on the low-association list were familiar words, their ability to remember them was compromised by the fact that they had no method of selecting them from all the other things that reside in their memories. Conversely, the fact that the words from the third experiment were all members of a particular category allowed these participants to use the taxonomic feature of long-term memory to aid recall in this memory experiment (Brown et al., 1985). The parallel trend of increased remembrance alongside increased association therefore underlines the importance of schema in the enhancement of memory. Reference Brown, A. S., S. L. Whiteman, R. J. Cattoi C. K. Bradley. (1985). â€Å"Associative strength level   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and retrieval inhibition in semantic memory.† The American Journal of Psychology.    98(3):   421-432.    How to cite Memory, Essay examples Memory Free Essays emortMemory of Many Senses Senses are a very powerful thing in every person’s life no matter who you are you will be constantly using at least one of your senses. The sense of smell is one thing that not many people realize but it triggers memories in our brains and it can be a good or bad memory depending on the person. Fortunately for me most of the smells that strike memories for me are very good. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The memory that strikes me most when I get a certain smell is the feeling of being in the Dominican Republic. Whenever I get the sweet scent of a pineapple I just lay back and think about our vacation when my family and I went to the Caribbean. That sweet smell of a freshly cut pineapple is so sweet you can almost taste it even before you actually eat it. It is just the most amazing thing when there is a freshly picked and cut pineapple perfectly ripe right in front of you just waiting for you to grab some and sit near the beach and relax. Once I smell it I just picture seeing the beach and all of the people out tanning and the ocean splashing on the shore and just a happy and relaxing atmosphere. The thought of even being back in the Dominican makes me happy and relaxes me no matter how stressed that I am.  Like read about memories? Read also  Flashbulb memory! Seeing the ocean and the beach in my mind brings back the memory of being with my family and just enjoying life. The sound of the ocean waves crashing and flowing onto the sand is another thing that pops into my mind. Then while sitting on the beach while listening to the ocean I just take a bite of the sweet and juicy pineapple; it’s the best taste in the world. The senses are a strong part of your memory. They do wonderful things and also sometimes not so wonderful things for you to remember but in my case it turned out to be a wonderful memory. How to cite Memory, Papers

What Role It Plays in Your Life free essay sample

What role does reading play in your life? †¢What is your attitude toward memory and learning? †¢To what extent has preparing for tests, test anxiety, attitude, and motivation affected your academic studies? Reading doesn’t play a big role in my life. I guess after thinking about it a little further, it has to play a big role in your everyday life by reading newspapers, magazines, my childrens’ schoolwork , my schoolwork and so on. I do not read as a hobby, though, I wish I could or actually, My attention deficit disorder prevents me from doing so. I try so hard, but my mind is in a thousand other places. I hate to say it but I do not have a good attitude towards memory and learning. It is getting better after learning some of the techniques in this class though. Preparing for tests along with test anxiety has always affected my studies and my attitude towards them as well. We will write a custom essay sample on What Role It Plays in Your Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I never wanted to read anything. I surely never studied properly. I would always get nervous when the teacher would mention the word â€Å"test†. Even if I was confident in the subject and would get good grades on all of my daily work, when the day of the test came around, I would get clammy and get the sweats. It was as if I didn’t know I thing about the subject and would fail the exam. I have wanted to go to college for the last 2 years and would remember what I went through in high school and say â€Å"forget it†! So I finally got the nerve to apply last month and here I am! Before reading the text book â€Å" The Confident Student† I truly lacked motivation. As I learn different ways to prepare and study, I definitely am more motivated to do better than just getting by!

Wanted Paladin. Telepathist. Saint. …Writing Skills a Plus.

WANTED: PALADIN. TELEPATHIST. SAINT. WRITING SKILLS A PLUS. Do you know the No. 1 reason good writers fail at writing as a profession? Bad customer service. Well, no, that’s not exactly accurate. A lot of writers have customer service skills. But, in the end, they’re only human. And the truth is, to be a great copywriter, you must be superhuman. The good news is: Anyone can become superhuman. But it does take a lot of work, a lot of dedication, and an ability to swallow that all-too-human emotion: pride. Here are my top three tips to developing paranormal powers and, along the way, establishing long-lasting, successful relationships with your clientele. Image via Wikipedia 1. Set Expectations. Earn Paladin Status. On your first meeting, do not be afraid to meet your client in your brave white Dodge Charger, brandish your blazing pen, and slash through the fabrications to the simple truth. Seems basic. Yet, you’d be surprised how difficult this can be. The overzealous human copywriter will often want so badly to please a client that they’re likely to promise anything: Want that 100 page document proofed by tomorrow? Sure. Want a guarantee that you’ll be 100 percent satisfied with my work on the first draft? Absolutely. What? You want me to promise you a bestseller? Of course! Wrong. As a superhuman copywriter, here’s what you say instead: Tell them when you can reasonably have it done – even if it means losing business if you can’t meet their deadline. Tell them that it’s likely that they will have edits on their copy the first time around. It’s normal. Tell them you will write a bestseller – but whether it becomes a bestseller, that’s not something you can promise. No one can. 2. Listen to What Your Client Actually Means. Become Telephathic. You have to remember that most of your clients are going to be of the human variety. And while you are working on your superhuman status, they are probably just going to stay human. So that means that you really need to learn how to listen. That’s your job. Remember. You are the communicator. That’s what they hired you for. So, as a superhuman copywriter, you have to listen between the lines when your client is writing (or talking) to you. And in order to listen, you have to learn how to ask the right questions to get at the meat of the matter. As a copywriter, you can never ask too many questions (although you can ask stupid questions, but that’s another blog). So here’s an example: Human criticism = This paragraph is just not working for me. Standard human copywriter answer = Why not? Human response = Well, I just don’t like it. It’s just not good. Human copywriter answer = Well, I want to make it right, but I’m just not sure I understand what you don’t like about it. And round and round you go. In the end, the human copywriter leaves completely baffled as to what the client wants, and the client leaves frustrated. So, here’s how you fix this: Human criticism = This paragraph is just not working for me. Superhuman copywriter answer = Ok, not a problem. Is it the information that isn’t working? Or are you not pleased with the way the paragraph sounds? Then, the client either tells you that the info isn’t right, in which case you ask what specifically he would like included/excluded. Or, he’ll tell you that he doesn’t like the way it sounds, in which case, say: â€Å"Ok, is there anything about the paragraph you would like me to keep?† If they say no, don’t even try to figure out what’s wrong. Really. Most people just can’t tell you what it is about voice, tone, or flow that isn’t working. Just say†¦ â€Å"Ok, no problem, I’ll rewrite this a couple of different ways and send it back to you.† Then rewrite it a couple of different ways and send it back. And what I mean by this is start with a blank sheet of paper and write a completely different paragraph. Don’t reference your original. Don’t pull any phrases from it. I don’t care if you loved the first one, and you don’t see what’s wrong with it. It doesn’t matter. Just clear your head, think of a different angle, and go with it. 3. Do Not Under Any Circumstances Become Defensive. Achieve Sainthood. Here’s what I tell clients, â€Å"I only have one feeling, and you can’t hurt it.† Here’s what I tell copywriters, â€Å"If it doesn’t hurt when a client doesn’t like it, you aren’t doing it right!† Ok, so there’s a method behind this madness. Clients can’t feel like they are going to hurt your human feelings, because then you’ll never get the truth out of them; and if they aren’t happy – even if they are unhappy with a single word – you need to be the first to know. That’s the only way you’re going to have truly happy clients. Copywriters on the other hand have to love their work or else they aren’t giving it their all. So, the only solution to this is that all good copywriters must become saints and telepathistsand paladins. Oh, yeah, and you have to be a great writer, too.

BCA Application Essay Sample

BCA Application Essay SampleBCA Application Essay Sample is the most commonly used one-page essay. It is an essay sample to help students in writing and completing a BCA application essay. It can also be used by school administrators in taking a final decision on the admission of students to the BCA programs.This essay sample comes with an explanation of various types of essay formats and the main points for each format. It includes the instructions about the main topic of the essay and the content requirements to be followed while preparing and submitting the essay. It also includes the rules to be followed in spelling, grammar, punctuation, use of vocabulary and various other terms.A BCA Application Essay Sample helps you a lot to improve your BCA essays. It gives you guidance about how to write a better essay and what the critical points to be put in the essay, making you confident to start writing your own essay.You will be surprised that this BCA Application Essay Sample is not only the subject but it is also the best way to prepare yourself for BCA Application Essay. It comes with a comprehensive list of topics, which need to be discussed on essay. It includes a chapter on selecting the right topic and a chapter on the style, structure and length of the essay.The next part of this BCA Application Essay Sample includes an introduction of your topic and why you want to write a BCA Application Essay. In this chapter, you will find important information about composing a BCA Application Essay.There is also important information about the main content of the essay, how to introduce the main theme, and an outline of your essay. You will also get instruction about the essay structure and length.There is also a section on editing, which will help you to avoid mistakes while editing your BCA application essay. There is also a discussion on the uses of spelling and grammar, to avoid the mistakes while writing the essay. You will also get instructions on how to orga nize your essay, including different kinds of essay templates.In this BCA Application Essay Sample, you will find a list of topics that you need to focus on while writing a BCA essay. It gives you detailed information on all the points that need to be mentioned in your essay, so that you can be comfortable writing it.

Free Essays on Hawthorne

Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Hawthorne’s tales can be and have been interpreted in many different ways. However, one strong theme that most of his writings have drawn upon is the Puritan religion and the story of young Goodman Brown is no exception. In this story Hawthorne highlights the hypocrisy of the religion and shows a young man’s subsequent disillusionment with it. The most prevalent theme in the story is the hypocrisy of the Puritan religion. The status symbol for the Puritans was a good lineage. Being from a long line of upstanding, outwardly righteous citizens gave you good standing in the community. Neighbors saw you as from â€Å"good stock† and you were respected for the actions of your ancestors and relatives. The devil started his discourse with Goodman Brown by telling him the truth about his family. Goodman Brown began backing out of the deal and gave part of the reason as family pride. He came from a good line of men and his family members had never done anything evil or untoward in their lives. He was sure that he was betraying the ideals of his family by even contemplating completing this evil deed. The devil then tells Goodman that â€Å"I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem; and it was I that brought your father a pitch-pine knot, kindle d at my own hearth, to set fire to an Indian village, in King Phillip’s war.† (Hawthorne,2188) This is the first time that Goodman realizes that the actions his religion committed in the name of purity were actually sins. (Mikosh) Like Hawthorne, he realizes that his ancestors were involved in the murder and torture of other people. Goodman Brown had been ingrained with Puritan ideas and beliefs and never saw the witch trials in the light of sin. The fundamental basis of his beliefs is rooted in what he thought of his family. This strikes at the very core of his belief s... Free Essays on Hawthorne Free Essays on Hawthorne Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Hawthorne’s tales can be and have been interpreted in many different ways. However, one strong theme that most of his writings have drawn upon is the Puritan religion and the story of young Goodman Brown is no exception. In this story Hawthorne highlights the hypocrisy of the religion and shows a young man’s subsequent disillusionment with it. The most prevalent theme in the story is the hypocrisy of the Puritan religion. The status symbol for the Puritans was a good lineage. Being from a long line of upstanding, outwardly righteous citizens gave you good standing in the community. Neighbors saw you as from â€Å"good stock† and you were respected for the actions of your ancestors and relatives. The devil started his discourse with Goodman Brown by telling him the truth about his family. Goodman Brown began backing out of the deal and gave part of the reason as family pride. He came from a good line of men and his family members had never done anything evil or untoward in their lives. He was sure that he was betraying the ideals of his family by even contemplating completing this evil deed. The devil then tells Goodman that â€Å"I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem; and it was I that brought your father a pitch-pine knot, kindle d at my own hearth, to set fire to an Indian village, in King Phillip’s war.† (Hawthorne,2188) This is the first time that Goodman realizes that the actions his religion committed in the name of purity were actually sins. (Mikosh) Like Hawthorne, he realizes that his ancestors were involved in the murder and torture of other people. Goodman Brown had been ingrained with Puritan ideas and beliefs and never saw the witch trials in the light of sin. The fundamental basis of his beliefs is rooted in what he thought of his family. This strikes at the very core of his belief s...

How to Use a Scorecard to Create More Effective Content with Jeff Goins

How to Use a Scorecard to Create More Effective Content with Jeff Goins Do you wish your content were more consistent and effective? You’ve probably noticed that some of your posts get a lot of attention, while others tend to go largely ignored. Why is this? And, more importantly, what can you do about it? Today’s guest is Jeff Goins. Jeff is the author of The Art of Work and the founder of his blog, Goins, Writer. He says that by having a content scorecard, you can improve the standards of each of your posts, raising your blog’s overall effectiveness. If you’re having trouble keeping the engagement factor of your blog posts consistent, today’s episode is just what you need. Some of the topics we will be discussing today include: How Goins, Writer came about, as well as some great advice he received that got him into the habit of writing every day. The four points of the content scorecard: A good post is well-written, promises something, fulfills that promise, and containing a large amount of value. Some of the biggest challenges Jeff faced when implementing the score card. Advice for creating a scorecard that will work for your blog. Quotes by Jeff: â€Å"You don’t need to want to be a writer. You are a writer. You just need to write.† â€Å"The best content is not necessarily just a good story or a well-written piece but it makes a clear, compelling promise.† â€Å"You haven’t effectively communicated a message until the receiver says, okay, I receive that.†

N Investigtion into Why E-Businesses Fil Dissertation

N Investigtion into Why E-Businesses Fil - Dissertation Example Since the dÐ °wn of the internet, Ð ° lot of businesses Ð °nd individuÐ °ls set Ð °bout estÐ °blishing online businesses in Ð ° bid to Ð °mÐ °ss mÐ °ssive profits. However, Ð °ccording to CrÐ °ine (2001) since the yeÐ °r 2000 Ð °pproximÐ °tely 200 online businesses went out of the business Ð °ccounting for more thÐ °n 50% of business closures. This high fÐ °ilure rÐ °te is of concern to the business Ð °nd finÐ °nciÐ °l community; Ð °s such closures will Ð °lso Ð °ffect stock mÐ °rkets Ð °nd shÐ °res. Some of the online businesses would hÐ °ve obtÐ °ined finÐ °nce to fund their ventures, Ð °nd business fÐ °ilures Ð °re bound to hÐ °ve negÐ °tive ripple effects. This is demonstrÐ °ted by CrÐ °ine (2001) who stÐ °tes thÐ °t forty stÐ °rt-up fÐ °ilures cost Ð °pproximÐ °tely $1.5 billion which represents losses of between 39% Ð °nd 60% on globÐ °l stock mÐ °rkets. Some of these businesses fÐ °ilures hÐ °ve been Ð °ttributed to inexperienc ed mÐ °nÐ °gers, poor business plÐ °ns Ð °nd low sÐ °les volumes (CrÐ °ine 2001), however the sÐ °me could be sÐ °id for other businesses thÐ °t do not hÐ °ve Ð °n online presence. These reÐ °sons for fÐ °ilures Ð °re therefore not unique to online businesses which suggest the presence of other fÐ °ctors. For instÐ °nce, e-commerce is Ð ° populÐ °r shopping method Ð °nd this is demonstrÐ °ted by the number of successful online businesses, Ð °nd the reported increÐ °ses in online shopping by the mediÐ °. Ð ccording to Ð bu BhÐ °kÐ °r (2001) the demÐ °nd for online businesses hÐ °s not reduced Ð °nd this is probÐ °bly due to the increÐ °sed Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °bility of the internet.... Chpter III: METHODOLOGY 3.1. Reserch design...29 3.2. Reserch Strtegy....29 3.3. Smpling..30 3.4. Dt Collection nd nlysis..31 Chpter IV: FINDINGS ND DISCUSSION 4.1. Findings...33 4.1.1. Cse Study One - Toys R Us...........33 4.1.2. Cse Study Two - mzon..35 4.1.3. Cse Study Three - Klhri.Net.....35 4.1.4. Boo.com...37 4.2. Discussion...38 Chpter V: CONCLUSIONS 5.1. Conclusions.46 5.2. Recommendtions..47 5.3. Limittions of Reserch..47 Bibliogrphy..48 Chpter I: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction Since the dwn of the internet, lot of businesses nd individuls set bout estblishing online businesses in bid to mss mssive profits. However, ccording to Crine (2001) since the yer 2000 pproximtely 200 online businesses went out of the business ccounting for more thn 50% of business closures. This high filure rte is of concern to the business nd finncil community; s such closures will lso ffect stock mrkets nd shres. Some of the online businesses would hve obtined finnce to fund their ventures, nd business filures re bound to hve negtive ripple effects. This is demonstrted by Crine (2001) who sttes tht forty strt-up filures cost pproximtely $1.5 billion which represents losses of between 39% nd 60% on globl stock mrkets. Some of these businesses filures hve been ttributed to inexperienced mngers, poor business plns nd low sles volumes (Crine 2001), however the sme could be sid for other businesses tht do not hve n online presence. These resons for filures re therefore not unique to on line businesses which suggest the presence of other fctors. For instnce, e-commerce is populr shopping method nd this is demonstrted by the number of successful online businesses, nd the reported increses in online shopping by the medi. ccording to bu Bhkr (2001) the demnd for online

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Response paper - Essay Example And so will I be. In the matrix, I am able to invoke self-awareness within me. I am able to separate my thoughts of the moment from who I actually am. These thoughts will enslave me in the real world. Not only my thoughts, but others’ thoughts will also enslave me. There is no red pill that will make me a hero that frees the humanity. I can only change myself. I can only free myself. And this is the harsh reality. I am myself in the Matrix. I get what I want. I can learn kung-fu like Neo. I can fly, stop a speeding bullet, and leap a mountain in one leap, in the Matrix. I do not want to keep finding for Oracles in the real world, who guide us which direction we should go. The Matrix means to me because it tells me that the constraints to my abilities and potential lies only in my mind, and not in reality; whereas, the real world is full of real constraints that are hard to combat. I am not forcing things to change for me in the Matrix, but am becoming self-aware of my inner se lf and talent without any limitations. Why would I like to go in the real world to face the same hardships again which Thomas Anderson faced? I cannot change the humanity and its problems. I can only change my own self and my own circumstances. There is no point going back to the real world after seeing how much powerful I was in the Matrix. I do not have control over the world and its people. I only have control on whatever is in my dominion. My hands contain my future only, and not of the whole world. Well, that may sound self-centeredness to the reader at first stance, but it is not selfishness, it is only the reality. My perception, or my decision, tells that I value my own world, which is in my command. I value myself, and will not give up the beauty of my life to indulge in something I cannot obtain. In short, I will refuse Neo that he can keep the pill to himself; rather, I would convince him to stay in the Matrix and be what he wants than going into the real

Life In A Medieval Castle

Life In A Medieval Castle Life during the middle ages began at sunrise, when one of the guards sounded the days start. Servants had already begun to make sure that the fires were lit in the kitchen and great hall. Breakfast was not served until mid day. During this time the servants got time to complete their chores while the soups were cooking in the kitchen. All floors had to be cleaned and wash buckets, which were called basins, had to be washed out. Once the lord and the lady of the house woke up, the maids entered into their quarters, and they cleaned and emptied chamber pots, washed the basins, and the laundry woman also began to do the days laundry. The lord and the lady got well dressed before leaving their quarters to go to mass. They always wore elegant clothing which showed their status but also kept them very warm. After a small breakfast was eaten and the lord and his family went to mass. Once the morning service was complete, the lord dealt with the days business. At mid-morning, dinner was serv ed. Dinner was the main meal of the day. During dinner there was usually entertainment and much food. When dinner was finished, the lord may take his knights or special guests hunting while the lady may do embroidering. Usually the lady did not because she oversaw the castle and did not have time. Supper which was different from dinner, was usually eaten right before bedtime. It marked the end of the day for everyone in the castle. After supper the lord and the lady would go to their quarters and the servants would retire to their quarters. This was the almost daily routine of life in a castle. However, life in a castle was not all work. Hunting and hawking were greatly enjoyed by everyone in the castle and when the lord hunted, delicious and sometimes rare animals were brought to the table as food. Some of the past times were quite dangerous. These involved tournaments and rough ball, which was similar to football. Adults and children alike, enjoyed games such as the blind mans blu ff. This game involved tying a players head with a blind fold, and he would chase the other players. To pass time indoors, people played board games and listened to musicians or storytellers. Storytellers would narrate the stories of heroes such as Arthur and his knights. Though life in the middle ages involved a lot of work, the people in the castle enjoyed great entertainment. In a castle, almost everyone had a specific responsibility. The lord was the head of the castle. The lady spent much of her time supervising their work, as well as overseeing the cooking of meals in the kitchen. One of her responsibilities was running the household, managing production, and maintaining adequate supplies. She had to know which rents and fees were owed to the household. The lady also supervised the embroiderers who had the responsibility of making the clothes for the people in the castle and keeping the lady company. In addition, the ladies were responsible for overseeing the education of the young pages. The parents of the children usually devoted little time to them and those children were quickly thrust in to the adult world. Children usually became part adults at age 12 and were allowed to bear arms. Aristocratic children usually had very little contact with their parents. They were usually raised by nurses. The boys had to perform various services for the lord of the castle such as protect the arms and care for his horses. When the boy reached majority, which was usually at age 15, the fathers rule over him came to an end and the boy was considered an adult with full rights. At that point, the boy was a free, responsible individual who set up their own household. Girls were responsible to learn how to run a household and to raise children when they were old enough. These kinds of responsibilities allowed a castle life to run more smoothly. Castles in the medieval times were very uncomfortable and hardships were plenty. A castle had no central heating. The main fireplace heat was saved for the lord and the lady. They were fortunate to have heavy blankets, mattresses made of feathers, fur covers, while the workers had to sleep in the towers which got unbearably cold and damp, especially at night time. The attendants were sometimes lucky to stay with their master or mistress. They slept on the floor but they were able to get some of the heat coming out of the fireplace. When it was summer, everyone enjoyed the warm weather outside because the castle was still cold inside. Workers wrapped themselves in covers which helped them stay warm during cold times. The castle was also a very busy place. Ship and pigs would roam freely around the castle. With the loud noise of all the people in the castle, it caused a busy atmosphere with a loud noise. Hygiene was normal for the people in the middle ages. They took bathes, washed the ir hands, and brushed their teeth. However, disposal of human waste was not as good. Most castles did not have any plumbing which meant that the waste would remain in one place until it was cleaned by the chamber maids. These conditions may seem bad but they were better than the conditions of a lower class citizen. The code of chivalry and courtly love had a significant influence on the life of nobles. The code of chivalry affected knights in particular. The code of Chivalry came to mean an idealization of the life and manners of a knight at home in his castle and with his court. Courtly love also had strict rules. It was practiced all over Europe. The rules of courtly love allowed nobles to show how they really felt for each other. This kind of event was common between nobles and ladies. The harshness of the castles made them less than desirable to live in but for the lord and lady it was better than the common peoples homes. The life of individuals involved hard work life for the average person during the Middle Ages was very routine but they enjoyed entertainment as well. Everyone in the castle had a specific responsibility which made life run more efficiently even though a castle was busy and very loud. The code of chivalry and courtly love also were a great part of life. They dictated how a noble should lead their lives and how to hold themselves when with others. This was life in the middle ages. Books Blackwood, Gary L. Life in a Medieval Castle. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 2000. Print. Bouchard, Constance Brittain. Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1998. Print. Brochard, Philippe, and Patrice Pellerin. Castles of the Middle Ages. Morristown, NJ: Silver Burdett, 1980. Print.. Gravett, Christopher. Castle. New York: Knopf, 1994. Print. Hinds, Kathryn. Life in the Middle Ages. New York: Benchmark, 2001. Print. Jordan, William C. Family. The Middle Ages. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1996. 79-81. Print. White, T. H. The Once and Future King. New York: Ace, 1987. Print. Encyclopedias Castle The New Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia. ed. 2005. Print. Jordan, William C. Family. The Middle Ages. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1996. 79-81. Print.

Maze Learning

MAZE LEARNING 1 MAZE LEARNING Ana Iqbal Mirajkar Bahria University BS-04 MAZE LEARNING 2 Abstract This experiment was conducted to uncover the underlying principles of transfer of training in maze learning. The aim was to see if transfer of training facilitated maze learning. It was assumed that practice of one maze would assist the chances of transfer in another and that participants who had prior knowledge of mazes would perform better. A sample of 56 students was chosen conveniently from Bahria University.All participants performed the same experiment on maze A and B, which is they traced a maze twice with the experimenter’s help, had a break of ten seconds and then had five minutes to find the goal. The results were analyzed using percentages. The findings of the results indicated that practice of one maze assists transfer of training on the other and that participants with prior knowledge had more successful trials than the ones who did not. Thus, both hypotheses were pro ved. Key words: maze, learning, memory, cognitive mapping MAZE LEARNING Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience (Feldman, 2009).Peter Gray, a psychologist, defines learning as any process through which experience at 3 one time can alter an individual's behavior at a future time. Hence learning can be anything that brings about a change in one’s behaviour, or another definition common to all theories of psychology would describe simply a stimulus that generates a response(S-? R) (Herbert Terrace). Learning has been an important area of research in psychology; psychologists have done extensive research on how human beings acquire learning and what factors facilitate learning.One such experiment is done by Ivan Pavlov where he introduced the concept of classical conditioning and concluded that learning occurs gradually through pairing and association (Pavlov). Whereas a gestalt psychologist by the name of Wolfgang Kohler concluded that n ew behaviour is learned due to insight. According to Frederic Vestor there are four types of learning. The first being auditive learning which is learning by using the auditory channels that is using the ear to listen and mouth to speak. Second is visual learning that is learning using the eyes.Haptic learning is the third type of learning which occurs by touching and feeling and the fourth type is learning through the intellect. Training is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Areas that use training extensively are job training such as worker endowment and physical training for sports. Transfer of training was originally defined as the extent to which learning of a response in one task or situation influences the response in another task or situation (Adams, 1987).While Thorndike and Woodworth (1901) predicted that transfer would occur as long as the aims, method, and approaches used for the learning task were similar to the transfer task. They found support for the generalization of responses when there was similarity in the stimuli and responses in the learning and transfer environment. Types of transfer of training are positive which means previous training facilitates new training such as learning to add numbers in math courses helps when one learns multiplication.Negative transfer occurs when previous training hinders new training, whereas zero transfer is when previous trainings have no effect on new ones. Wolfgang Kohler would say that learning occurs through sudden insight while Thorndike would contradict by saying that it happens gradually over a long period of time. Generally it is noted that learning is both intentional and unintentional and has no specific time requirements. That is MAZE LEARNING one can learn in a day or can take months. Whereas training is usually intentional and there are certain time bound aries for training.Furthermore, learning focuses on achieving permanent 4 changes in behaviour while training focuses on the acquisition of new skills and knowledge with training interventions being event driven. Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve information (Kendra Cherry). The process of forming a memory is composed of three components encoding, storage and retrieval. In order for pieces of information to make sense the brain encodes all the information to form memories and stores it.A memory, when brought into consciousness is known as retrieved memory. Memories can be of three types; sensory memory that is collected from the first hand experiences and is very brief. Short term memory is what is in the conscious awareness, whereas long term memory is what is not in the conscious awareness and might have to be retrieved, according to Freud short term memory would be the conscious and long term memory the unconscious. Ebbingha us, who was a pioneer of the experimental study of memory, did extensive research on memory, memory formation and memory decay.Through his experiments he devised the forgetting curve of memory which revealed a relationship between forgetting and time. He suggested that information, initially, is often lost very quickly after it is learned but after a certain point the amount of forgetting levels off. This indicates that information stored in long-term memory is surprisingly stable. (Hermann Ebbinghaus) Labyrinth is a term in Greek Mythology, which basically denotes a maze in which the Minotaur was confined (The Free Dictionary).The most ancient of labyrinths are Cretan labyrinths that are surrounded by an aura of mysticism and skepticism, this was the elaborate structure designed to hold Minotaur. Next are the Egyptian Labyrinth and the Leminian Labyrinth which are more densely routed and complex than the Cretan Labyrinth. Although the true origins of the mazes and labyrinths probab ly go back to Neolithic times, the earliest mazes were actually parts of architectural monuments built in Egypt and on Crete about 4000 years ago (Christopher Berg).Edward Chase Tolman, a pioneer in the areas of learning and motivation, claimed that everything important in psychology can be investigated in essence through the continued experimental and theoretical analysis of the determinants of rat behavior at a choice-point in a maze. A maze is defined by Webster as a confusing, intricate network of MAZE LEARNING 5 winding pathways; specifically with one or more blind alleys. Furthermore, one could perceive a maze as a complex structure with a series of interconnecting pathways that eventually has to be solved by pursuing a goal.The term is also used to refer to a graphical puzzle that replicates the maze on a two dimensional medium (S. E. Smith). Mazes, in psychology, have contributed greatly to understanding complex human behavior. Moreover, maze studies have helped uncover asto unding principles about learning that can be applied to many species, including humans. The fact that researchers have even used mazes to figure out if men and women are different in the way they perceive suggests the important role mazes have played throughout. In this context a study was carried out by B.Jones that looked at trial and error learning in humans using a virtual maze and at looked at the gender differences where the participants were tested using the Online Psychology Laboratory Maze. Another study which attempted to uncover if multiple trials allow a researcher to determine how ability can develop and change over trials and that the importance of task components fluctuates during the stages of learning (O'Neill, 1978). The findings gave the impression that repeated trail can help the participant develop the knowledge of the maze and make fewer errors.Yet one more research finding on mazes indicated that no matter how well the maze is learned, the subject will never a ble to dispense with sensory guidance and that there is throughout this type of functioning a close cooperation between sensory and motor adjustments (Ailene Morris). There are two main categories of mazes which are then further subdivided into various types. A Unicursal maze is without branches, it has no dead ends and there is one path that leads to the end whereas, a multicursal maze is one with branches and dead ends. Among the various types of mazes are Blind Alleys are mazes that have a branch that is a dead end.Simply-connected mazes have pathways that never re-connect with one another, so every path leads to additional paths, a fork, or to a dead end and there is only one solution to a simply-connected maze. A multiplyconnected maze contains one or more passages that loop back into other passages, rather than leading to dead ends. A more complex form of the multiply-connected maze is the braid maze. A weave maze has pathways that go under and over each other and can be in mu ltiple dimensions, while a logic maze must be navigated by adhering to logical rules in addition to following its passages such as symbols or following colour schemes.A Plainair maze, however, is a maze on something other than a flat surface. For example, a maze painted on the outside of a cube or sphere. MAZE LEARNING A principle that is derived from the extensive study of mazes is known as cognitive mapping; 6 making a mental picture of one's physical or spatial environment (APA). A cognitive map allows one to construct and accumulate spatially defined images whose function is to enhance recall and learning of information. This type of spatial thinking can also be used in non-spatial tasks. Chaining is a behaviour technique that involves breaking a task down into smaller components.The simplest or first task in the process is taught first, and then after this has been learned, the next task can be taught. This continues until the entire sequence is successfully chained together (K endra Cherry). Maze learning is an example of a successive chaining, when animal runs down a maze it chains the route through the subsequent goals and dead ends all in all the entire stimuli present in the environment gives the animal clues and make his cognitive map (Terrace). The aim of this study is to see if transfer of training facilitates performance.It is assumed that the practice of one maze will facilitate the chances of transfer of training on the second maze and that participants having knowledge of practical will have more successful trials than participants who do not have any prior knowledge. Method Participants: There were two groups of participants that participated in the study. Group 1 composed of 28 people who had no prior knowledge of maze leaning. While Group 2 composed of 29 participants who had prior knowledge of maze learning. The total sample was that of 56 students who were chosen conveniently from Bahria University.The design of the experiment was independ ent measures design. Materials: Match box, scissor, glue, mazes A, stop watch and a blindfold. Two mazes were extracted from the internet and the participants of group 2 constructed the entire maze using match sticks to cover all the branches and boundaries of the maze. It was later discovered that both mazes were multicursal and simply connected. Procedure: The experiment was conducted in the experimental lab, with controlled conditions. In the first phase of the experiment participants from group 1, who had no prior knowledge of maze learning, were tested.The experimenter blindfolded the participant and traced their finger, twice, along maze A (in some cases a thin object such as a pen or pencil was used). During the whole procedure it was tediously made sure that the participant did not see the mazes. Following MAZE LEARNING 7 this the participant was given a ten second break and then told to complete the maze again with no help from the experimenter this time. After given five m inutes to complete this maze, the participant was told to stop and the blindfold was undone for two minutes.The same procedure was then followed for maze B that is tracing twice with the experimenter’s help, a break and then five minutes for the trial for maze B. Throughout the experimenter observed the errors made and the progress of the participant. In the second phase of the experiment the participants from group 2, who had prior knowledge of maze learning, were tested following the exact same procedure that is tracing twice maze A and then later maze B with an experimenter’s help, a break of ten seconds, then five minutes for the trial for maze A and later maze B.Results Table I Showing results of Maze A of Group 1 Participants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Successive Trials 1 3 3 2 4 0 1 1 4 2 5 0 1 4 Errors 0 4 7 3 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 5 14 0 MAZE LEARNING 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 4 5 2 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 10 4 2 4 0 3 10 8 20 20 7 10 8 8 Total 5 2 146 Table II Showing results of Maze B of Group 1 Participants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Successful Traits 5 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 Errors 10 0 4 4 0 3 5 2 0 MAZE LEARNING 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 5 0 8 4 3 2 2 5 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 3 2 1 4 13 0 15 0 9 0 20 0 11 3 2 2 25 1 3 2 9 Total 58 148 Table III Showing results of Maze A of Group 2 Participants 1 2 3 4 Successful Trials 5 0 3 3 Errors 1 2 3 3 MAZE LEARNING 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2 3 1 1 7 7 3 4 3 5 4 3 4 3 1 1 4 1 2 2 2 3 2 0 0 8 4 2 3 1 12 4 1 0 2 2 7 4 5 4 1 1 14 0 1 1 5 0 10 Total 79 91 MAZE LEARNING Table IV Showing results of Maze B of Group 2 Participants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Successful Traits 5 0 0 6 4 8 10 1 10 11 7 5 3 7 7 2 8 5 1 4 4 2 1 3 2 4 Errors 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 1 5 7 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 2 0 2 1 0 5 0 1 MAZE LEARNING 27 28 0 5 3 0 12 Total 125 46 Calculations:- = 41. 7% = 58. 2% = 35. 03% = 64. 96% MAZE LEARNI NG Graph I Showing results of comparison between Maze A and Maze B 13 Comparison between both the mazes 42% Maze A Maze B 58% Graph II Showing results of comparison between Group 1 and Group 2 (c and d) Comparison between both the groups 35% Group 1 65% Group 2 MAZE LEARNING Discussion It was proved that practice of one maze facilitates the transfer of training on the second maze 14 hich meant that most of the participants performed well on maze B as compared to maze A. An interesting research by Edward Tolman on rats and mazes showed that once the rats knew where there goal in the maze was, they could find their way through the maze. Thus, Tolman’s and this research show that people form a cognitive map of the spatial layout of the situation rather than just leaning to make a series of responses. However, one single most undermining factor that could cause this is the carry over effects the participants might have carried over from maze A.Furthermore, there might been quite a many extraneous variables present in the environment that the experimenter failed to control; hence, they became confounding variables. These include noise distractions, the close seating arrangement of the participants and experimenter bias. It was further noted that even though both mazes were multicursal participants found maze B relatively easier and more straight forward than maze A, pointing more towards the fact that practicing on one maze improved their performance.Likewise, the participants who had prior knowledge of mazes performed better than the participants who did not. This meant that hypothesis 2 was also proved. David Ausubel a pioneer in educational psychology who emphasized on prior learning said â€Å"If I had to reduce all of educational psychology to just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly. The results of this research highlight the importance of prior learning. Nevertheless, the participants of group 2 were also the ones who constructed the maze, which meant that they possibly brought forward transfer effects. Moreover, the participants in group two were in a more comfortable setting than the participants in group one who were not in their comfort zone. Besides, there were four students who were not from the psychology department and might have been anxious because of the new and unfamiliar place and setting.In addition to this some participants used a pencil, pen or a sharp object to complete the maze instead of their fingers, which meant less tactile experience and learning and might be a contributing factor as to why group 1 performed poorly. MAZE LEARNING References: American Psychological Association. (2013). Dictionary. com Unabridged. Retrieved from http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/cognitive map Ausubel, D. (1968). Educational implications of concept mapping. Joseph D. Novak & D. Bob Gowin (2002 ). Learning how to learn (pp. 40). UK, Cambridge University Press. Berg, C. 2011). The History of Mazes and Labyrinths. Amazing Art. N/A. Retrieved from http://amazeingart. com/maze-faqs/ancient-mazes. html Cherry, K. (N/A). An Overview of Memory. Memory. N/A. Retrieved from http://psychology. about. com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/memory. htm Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Classics in the History of Psychology. N/A. Retrieved from http://psy. ed. asu. edu/~classics/Ebbinghaus/index. htm 15 Eddie, W. L. & Danny, C. K. (2001). A review of transfer of training studies in the past decade. Personnel Review, Vol. 0 No. 1, 102-118. Retrieved from http://www. owlnet. rice. edu/~ajv2/courses/12a_psyc630001/Cheng%20&%20Ho%20(2001)%20 PR. pdf Feldman, R. S. (2009). Psychological Approaches to Learning, 177. Retrieved from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Psychological-Approaches-To-Learning-730466. html Jones, B. (2011). Gender Difference-Mazes, 09. Re trieved from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Gender-Difference-Mazes-774551. html Morris, A. (1994). A Descriptive Study of Maze Learning, 67-69. Retrieved from http://digital. library. okstate. edu/oas/oas_pdf/v25/p67_69. df Terrace, H. (2010). The Comparative Psychology of Serially Organized Behavior. Comparitive Cognition and Behaviour Reviews, Vol. 5, 23-58. Retrieved from http://psyc. queensu. ca/ccbr/Vol5/Terrace. pdf MAZE LEARNING Tolman, E. C. (1953). Edward Tolman and cognitive maps. Douglas Mook (2004), Classic experiments in psychology (pp. 139-142). Westport, Greenwood Press. Vestor, F. (1998). Die Deutsche Schule, 93(2), 186-198. Retrieved from http://www. oecd. org/edu/ceri/34926352. pdf 16 MAZE LEARNING 17 Appendix A: Maze A & B MAZE LEARNING Appendix A 18 MAZE LEARNING 19