Women Who Democratized South Africa free essay sample

â€Å"Women played a critical role in democratizing our nation†. It is often overlooked that women played a very important role in the struggle against apartheid. Today when we think of the leaders of the struggle we tend to think about Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, Albert Luthuli and other prominent men. It is not often that people remember to look at not only the wives of some of these men, but also other women who got deeply involved in fighting apartheid. Black women faced three forms of oppression in South Africa during apartheid racial, social and sexual. For this reason they had more to struggle against. Although many women helped fight for freedom during apartheid, two names stand out as heroines of the struggle, Albertina Sisulu and Helen Joseph. Albertina Sisulu, the wife of Walter Sisulu, was a political activist during apartheid that not only fought for the freedom of the people, but also for the rights of black women. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Who Democratized South Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1955 she joined the ANC Women’s League and also aided the launch of the freedom charter. Albertina Sisulu had five children and adopted her deceased sister-in-laws two children, supporting her family on her earnings as a nurse. She also became a major political figure in her own right getting herself arrested, banned, and imprisoned. She helped form the Federation of South African Women and became its president. On August the 9th 1956 she led huge demonstrations against the extension of the hated pass laws to women and against the introduction of the Bantu education system. Her opposition to womens passes brought her first jail sentence in 1958 with Winnie Mandela and others female liberators. Albertina Sisulu was arrested after Walter Sisulu went underground in 1963. Her arrestment resulted in her becoming the first female to be arrested under the General Laws Act. Her political acts frequently resulted in her being in and out of jail, but this did not put fear into her heart as she remained courageous and continued the resistance against apartheid. In 1994, she was elected to the first democratic Parliament, which she served until retiring four years later. That year she received an award from then-president Mandela. In my opinion Albertina Sisulu can be seen as a great heroine for the Apartheid struggle as she stood up for what she believed in and broke the stereotypical view of a black women, she showed courage and bravery to lead black women, who were considered to be at the bottom of the social ladder, to approach the apartheid government and express their beliefs. Albertina Sisulu died at the age 92 in her home in Linden Johannesburg on the 2nd of June 2011. In 1987 Albertina Sisulu made the following remarks in Soweto. Women are the people who are going to relieve us from all this oppression and depression. The rent boycott that is happening in Soweto now is alive because of the women. It is the women who are on the street committees educating the people to stand up and protect each other. In my opinion this statement can be seen as a bold and powerful statement because she is implying that women are the core of society and have the power to achieve great milestones in their life if they can believe in themselves. Women of today should look to Sisulu for inspiration as she was one of the great women of south African history and should truly be remembered dearly. Helen Beatrice May Fennell was born in Sussex, England, in 1905. She grew up in London. She graduated with a degree in English from the University of London. In 1927 She taught for three years in India, She then came to live in Durban, South Africa, 1930. she took a job with the Garment Workers Union (GWU) and came under the influence of Solly Sachs, Johanna Cornelius and Anna Scheepers. Helen was a founder member of the African National Congress (ANC)s white ally, the Congress of Democrats (COD), and national secretary of Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) in the 1950s. In 1955, she was one of the leaders who read out the clauses of the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People. The Womens March on 9 August 1956 was one of the defining moments in her political career as along with other female activist she led 20 000 women to the Union Buildings. Helen Joseph was Arrested on a charge of high treason in December 1956, and banned in 1957, Joseph Helen was constantly affiliated with the police as she was aiding black people, and she was a white women herself. She was the first person to be placed under house arrest in 1962, and she survived several assassination attempts, including bullets shot through her bedroom window late at night and a bomb wired to her front gate. Joseph was diagnosed with cancer in 1971, and her banning orders were lifted for a short time before being reinstated for two years in 1980. Helen Joseph passed away on 25 December 1992 in Johannesburg. In my opinion Helen Joseph is truly admirable as she was able to overlook the irrational thinking of the apartheid government and see people of colour as her equals, and seek to aid them in their struggle against the apartheid regime. She aided black nti-government groups like the ANC and was able to break social barriers by, instead of just feeling bad that black people were being treated unfairly, but instead, to act on that feeling which she did with meritorious efforts. Helen Joseph was awarded the ANCs highest award, the Isitwalandwe/Seaparankoe Medal for her devotion to the liberation struggle as a symbol of defiance, integrity and courage. Such a heroic icon should always be an inspiration to young minds of South Africa and should always be honoured and remembered as it is peop le like this who pave the future to brighter pastures in South Africa.

Gibe, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive

Gibe, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive Gibe, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive Gibe, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive By Maeve Maddox The verbs gibe, gybe, jibe and jive all begin with the sound [j] and are often confused. gibe (verb): to taunt, to insult. Example: â€Å"If he laughed instead of cried when someone  gibed  at him, often the  teasing stopped.†Ã‚   gibe (noun): a sneering comment, a taunt. Example: â€Å"The  teasing, taunts,  gibes  and hurtful acts are a part of me still.† gybe (verb): (sailing term) to shift suddenly and with force from one side to the other when a ship is steered off the wind until the sail fills on the opposite side. Alternative spelling: jibe. Examples: â€Å"As Phil slipped overboard, the  boom gybed.† â€Å"A gust of wind caught their  sail, the  boom jibed, nearly knocking Mr. Snider overboard.† jibe (verb): to make sense, to agree with, to fit in. Example: â€Å"The latest research findings jibe with those recorded in 1934.† The noun jive has these three meanings: 1. a type of fast, lively jazz Weve been wanting to  play Jive  since the band first started. 2. lively and uninhibited dancing. He doesnt quite bounce around like a rubber band during his jive, but does good enough to notch a 7-7-7. 3. talk or conversation, especially talk that is false, misleading, or worthless. It’s time to cut the jive and tell the truth. As a verb, jive can mean to play lively music or to dance to lively music. Example: They spaced each other about four feet apart and  were jiving  to the music. The verb jive can also mean, â€Å"to mislead or deceive.† Maybe the narcs  were jiving  him, maybe  they were  going to shoot him in the back. I searched his eyes for some clue that  he was jiving me. He wasnt.   The most common errors with these words are to spell gibe as jibe and to use jive in the sense of jibe. Here are some examples of misuse from the Web: Incorrect: Arizona Prison Privatization Proposal Doesnt Jive with Market Correct : Arizona Prison Privatization Proposal Doesnt Jibe with Market Incorrect:  But  my opinion  about that  doesnt jive  with everyone elses opinion.   Correct :  But  my opinion  about that  doesnt jibe with everyone elses opinion.   Incorrect: If your child is hurling his own silly  jibes at  the teaser, then its a mutual thing. Correct : If your child is hurling his own silly  gibes at  the teaser, then its a mutual thing. Incorrect: Put-downs, slurs, jibes, and innuendo of all kinds are never purposeless or harmless. Correct : Put-downs, slurs, gibes, and innuendo of all kinds are never purposeless or harmless. The Oxford English Dictionary validates the nonstandard use of jive in the sense of jibe as â€Å"U.S.† usage, but Merriam-Webster Unabridged (notorious for its tendency to embrace all types of questionable usage) does not. The only definition M-W offers for jibe is â€Å"to be in accord.† Its only definitions for the verb jive are related to music, misleading talk, and teasing. Two other much-cited American authorities are careful to distinguish between gibe and jibe: The Chicago Manual of Style A gibe is a biting insult or taunt; gibes are figuratively thrown at their target â€Å"The angry crowd hurled gibes as the suspect was led into the courthouse.† Jibe means to fit, usually with negation â€Å"The verdict didn’t jibe with the judge’s own view of the facts.† The AP Stylebook To gibe means to taunt or sneer: â€Å"They gibed him about his mistakes.† Jibe means to shift direction: â€Å"They jibed their ship across the wind.† or, colloquially, to agree: â€Å"Their stories didn’t jibe.† Summary The sailing term may be spelled either gybe or jibe. The latter is more common in US usage. The verb that means â€Å"to agree† or â€Å"to fit† is spelled jibe. The noun and verb that convey taunting are spelled gibe. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"Best Websites to Learn EnglishDrama vs. Melodrama

1984 Themes, Symbols, and Literary Devices

'1984' Themes, Symbols, and Literary Devices Written at a time when dictatorships and totalitarian regimes were establishing a hold over much of the world despite the defeat of Hitler’s Nazis in World War II, in 1984 Orwell described what he saw as the inevitable outcome of any political movement that embraced authoritarianism and the cult of personality. Orwell was extremely frightened of political power being concentrated in a small number of individuals, correctly seeing it as a pathway to the loss of personal freedoms, and foresaw the technology that would make the erasure of those freedoms a simple task. Totalitarianism The most obvious and powerful theme of the novel is, of course, totalitarianism itself. A totalitarian state is one where there is only one political force legally permitted- all opposition to the state’s policies and actions is illegal, usually categorized as treason and met with violent retribution. This naturally stifles freedom of expression and makes change within the system impossible. In democratic societies, opposition groups can form political parties, express their ideas freely, and force the state to address concerns or be replaced. In a totalitarian society, this is impossible. Orwell’s Oceania goes further than even most existing totalitarian states. Where real-world authoritarian leaders seek to restrict information and control their populations in terms of their physical movements and spoken or written communication, Orwell’s government of the future seeks to inhibit thought itself and alter information at the source. Newspeak is a language invented by the state specifically to make independent thought literally impossible, and even Winston’s physical surroundings are designed to inhibit his freedoms, like the way his small apartment is dominated by the enormous two-way television screen, crowding him into a corner he incorrectly believes offers him some degree of privacy. That illusion is crucial to Orwell’s theme, as he strives to demonstrate that in a truly totalitarian society all freedom is in fact an illusion. Winston believes he finds ways to resist and meaningfully fight back against repression, all of which turn out to be gambits controlled by the state. Orwell argues that people who imagine they would heroically resist such a repressive regime are kidding themselves. Control of Information A crucial aspect of Oceania’s control over the citizenry is its manipulation of information. Workers at the Ministry of Truth actively adjust newspapers and books on a daily basis to match the ever-changing version of history that suits the purposes of the state. Without any kind of reliable source of facts, Winston and anyone who, like him, is dissatisfied or concerned about the state of the world, has only their vague feelings on which to base their resistance. More than simply a reference to Joseph Stalin’s practice of literally airbrushing people out of historical records, this is a chilling demonstration of how a lack of information and accurate data renders people powerless. Winston daydreams of a past that never actually existed and sees it as the goal of his rebellion, but since he lacks any real information, his rebellion is meaningless. Consider how he is tricked into overtly betraying the state by O’Brien. All the information Winston has about the Brotherhood and Emmanuel Goldstein is fed to him by the state itself. He has no idea if any of it is true- if the Brotherhood even exists, if there is even a man named Emmanuel Goldstein. Destruction of the Self Winston’s torture at the end of the novel is not simply punishment for his Thoughtcrimes and incompetent attempts to rebel; the purpose of the torture is to eradicate his sense of self. This is the ultimate goal of totalitarian regimes according to Orwell: A complete subservience to the goals, needs, and ideas of the state. The torture Winston undergoes is designed to destroy his individuality. In fact, every aspect of life in Oceania is designed to achieve this goal. Newspeak is designed to prevent negative thoughts or any thought that is not approved or generated by the state. The Two-Minutes Hate and the presence of Big Brother posters promote a sense of homogeneous community, and the presence of Thought Police- especially the children, who have been raised in the poisoned environment of the totalitarian state and who function as credulous and uncritical servants of its philosophy- prevents any sort of trust or true kinship. In fact, the Thought Police do not have to actually exist to achieve this goal. Simply the belief that they do is sufficient to inhibit any individual expression, with the ultimate result that the self is subsumed into Groupthink. Symbols Big Brother. The most powerful and recognizable symbol from the book- recognized even by people who have not read it- is the looming image of Big Brother on posters everywhere. The posters obviously symbolize the power and omniscience of the party, but they are only ominous to those who retain any kind of individual thought. For those fully assimilated into the party line, Big Brother is not an ironic term- he is seen as a protector, a kindly older sibling keeping them from harm, whether it be the threat of outside forces, or the threat of unmutual thoughts. Proles. Winston is obsessed with the lives of the proles, and fetishizes the red-armed prole woman as his main hope for the future, because she represents the potentially overwhelming power of numbers as well as a mother who will bear future generations of free children. It is notable that Winston’s best hope for the future takes the responsibility from his hands- he is not the one counted on to deliver this ill-defined future, it is up to the proles to rise up. And if they do not, the implication is that it is because they are dull and lazy. Telescreens. Another obvious symbol are the wall-sized televisions in every private space. This literal intrusion by the state is not a commentary on modern television, which did not exist in any meaningful way in 1948, but rather a symbol of the destructive and repressive power of technology. Orwell distrusted technology, and saw it as a grave danger to freedom. Literary Devices Limited Point of View. Orwell chooses to restrict our access to information by tying the narrative solely to Winston’s point of view. This is done specifically to keep the reader reliant on the information they are given, just as Winston is. This underscores the betrayal and shock that both feel when, for example, the Brotherhood is revealed to be fictional. Plain Language. 1984 is written in a very plain style, with few flourishes or unnecessary words. While many students take this to mean Orwell was a humorless man, or who simply lacked the ability to write in an exciting way, the fact is the opposite: Orwell had such control over his art he was able to match his writing style precisely to the mood and setting. The novel is written in a sparse, grim style that perfectly matches and evokes the grim, unhappy, and hopeless setting. The reader experiences the same dull, plodding sense of mere existence that Winston does.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Economics - Essay Example It was noted that ticket prices are relatively higher in 1978, wherein passengers disburse 19 cents per mile. As compared to the present price, which is 14 cents per mile, it is relatively higher. Thus, there is an increase in the influx of passengers (Bonsor, 2006). Airfare prices and travel time are considered the most important factors for passengers as compared to in-flight amenities. As William O’ Conner, an economist stated that â€Å"The speed, comfort, and safety aspects of the journey, whichever airline a passenger selects, are more likely to be the same† (1995). Thus, the amenities are not the priority of passengers in choosing the flight. People based their choice of flight on factors such as having the cheapest ticket price at the same time having the most convenient times of departure and arrival. The consequence is for airlines to increase the number of flights for a certain routes and maintain the price like the competitors (Kons, 2000). Reservation system serves a crucial role in an airline company. By being able to predict the passenger’s need and willingness to pay, the system sets up the scheme of pricing and setting from which passengers have no control on the differences the prices of tickets belonging t o even the same class (Watson, 2004). Pricing of airline tickets is a very complex process that is affected by various factors and considerations. These include the date of purchase and reservation wherein tickets bought several months before the flight schedule is normally lower in price than when it is purchased a day before the flying date. Normally these trend is known to the flying public and for those who wanted to grab these opportunity of buying cheaper tickets they will get one especially those people who travel regularly every week and month. Seat classification or the class is another factor being

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Project Management - Essay Example These individuals are normally picked from the team personnel in order to complete the project as planned. On the other hand, alternative scheduling has to be planned to enable successful completion of both tasks and progress on the project to continue (Pinto 357). Resource management is usually difficult in a multi-project environment because it creates several problems. A single project is advantageous because it fully depends on its allocated resources. However, a single project can lead to under utilization of available resources since it even relies on resources that are currently, not under use (Pinto 369). Team members in a given project are afraid to issue out their resources since they believe that it will be difficult recovering them. Similarly, sharing resources can create a delay in multiple projects. Finally, there can be a decrease in employees’ morality as they attempt to juggle through competing assignments (Pinto 371). Approaches use to allocate resources include mathematical programming, fist in line, greatest resource demand, and minimum late finish

Overseas Students Participate in Cultural Activities Essay Example for Free

Overseas Students Participate in Cultural Activities Essay Cultural activities are activities where people spend their leisure time attending cultural venues and events. For example, cultural activities include going to art galleries, museums, libraries, operas, concerts and the cinema. People want to get feelings of well-being and gain more knowledge by participating in cultural activities. Participation in cultural activities influences the development of students in many aspects, such as for entertainment and knowledge. The involvement of students in cultural activities can help them develop a well-rounded education. For overseas students in Australia, participating in native cultural activities can also help them reduce culture shock and provide a better way for students to understand more information concerning the history, customs and beliefs in Australia. In a survey concerned with participation in cultural activities among Australian people, it was found that about 85% of the Australian people who aged over 15 years old participated in at least one of cultural activity during the 12 months in 2005-06 (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (ABS) (2007). Going to the cinema was the most popular activity which had the highest percentages at 65% of people. Going to zoological parks and aquariums were the two second most common activities, at 36%; libraries and botanic gardens were at 34% (ABS, 2007). In addition, the same study found that people with higher educational background had considerably higher attendance rates than people with lower educational attainment at art galleries, museums, zoological parks and aquariums, libraries, popular music concerts, other performing arts and the cinema. Moreover, in previous research, it was found that about 25% of respondents went to the library over 20 times during the year. (ABS, 2007). However, little research has been done to compare differences in participation in cultural activities between overseas students in Australia and Australian people. The aim of this research is to find out whether overseas students’ cultural activity behaviors were similar to Australians. Methodology This research was carried out in Navitas English language school on 10th December 2010, and was concerned about the participation in cultural activities of overseas students. Data were collected through questionnaires in the school. The participants consisted of 50 overseas students (25 males and 25 females), who were aged between 18-24 and 25-34, just one person was over 35. The majority of the sample were Chinese; other subjects were from Thailand, Vietnam, Korea, Indonesia, and Japan. The questionnaire, which was administered informally and contained 8 questions, was made up of three sections: demographic information, the type and the frequency of cultural activities. Specifically, 4 questions were developed to record general information; one question was about which cultural activities students participated in; the other 3 items asked about how often students participated in cultural activities per year, involving all cultural activities, going to the library and cinema. The survey was conducted by several groups; each group consisted of 2-3 students. These groups respectively entered different classes to collect data using questionnaires. After collecting this, the data was shared by all groups. Data from questionnaires were then collated and converted to percentages. The results were compared according to gender, education and frequency in graphs.

Essays on Death and Suicide - Waiting for Death :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative- Waiting for Death She suspects she has only ever had one true affair with the knife, and all those since have been meager attempts at regurgitation, petty rivalries borne of intention and tainted by the anticlimax of recreation. She sits daily watching the synthetic roses, virulent with red, fluoresce persistently on the porch. Moth bitten, with broken stems and a hairline crack running the length of the ceramic pot that marks their station on the brick step. She sits observing their activity, disassociates herself from the solemn sermon their blushing heads deliver, ducking in the wind. Waiting for something to happen. She has lost, or perceives she has lost (and looks for death on the horizon because she fears she has lost) the ability to make things occur. How useful youth was in the day to day creation of happenings. Now she has displaced the seasons, and the pleasant expanse of nothingness, a featureless backdrop, assimilates itself to her emotionless countenance, as she welcomes the weather. Her father’s house, in the Polish town. Its healthy walls, its strong bone structure. She found it easily, buried knee-deep in the liquid winter, and enquired of the locals as to whether anyone currently resided there. They regarded her, not more obliging than they were wary, with the heavy, knowing gaze of people carrying the burden of the past – both pervasive and private. Her accent was rusty, the native tongue had long since been liberated – a stray cut loose from its derelict cultural confinement. She spoke in dislocated dialogue; the secure, prosaic language of dinner parties and familial get-togethers. Of pleasantries exchanged between well-wishing strangers. Broken German from an elementary text-book. How she hated the sluggish tongue, the barren vowels that tripped reluctantly from the lips, imprisoned by the teeth. The English language seemed a positive ballad of elegant syllables. She had wished never to hear these sunken verbs again. She had tried to forget it all, but they spoke with a dramatic flourish, demanding that she remember, their tone didactic and intense with purpose. Those primitive villagers, deeply set in their archaic ways, the spit in the palm. Such old gestures seem a blessing on unimaginative bones, bones of gypsy ancestry; wrapped in incense and adorned with elaborate jewelry. She briefly caught the delicate, sickly scent of patchouli and lavender, an odor that seeped from their pores, traveled on the breath and suggested unrelenting hardship and wisdom and infinite strength.

Consequences of Syrian Conflict Essay

*Syria is now mired in an armed conflict between forces loyal to President Bashar al Asad and rebel fighters opposed to his rule. -Since major unrest began in March 2011, various reports suggest that between 22,000 and 25,000 Syrians have been killed. -U.S. officials and many analysts believe that President Bashar al Asad, his family members, and his other supporters will ultimately be forced from power, but few offer specific, credible timetables for a resolution to Syria’s ongoing crisis. -In the face of intense domestic and international pressure calling for political change and for an end to violence against civilians, the Asad government offered limited reforms while also meeting protests and armed attacks with overwhelming force. -Nonviolent protests continued, but their apparent futility created frustration and anger within the opposition ranks. -An increasing number of Syrian civilians have taken up arms in self-defense, although armed rebel attacks alienate some potential supporters. -The government accuses the opposition of carrying out bombings and assassinations targeting security infrastructure, security personnel, and civilians in Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, and other areas. -Accounts of human rights abuses by both sides persist, with the majority attributed to security forces and military units. Backgrounds *Syrians have long struggled with many of the same challenges that have bred deep dissatisfaction in other Arab autocracies, including high unemployment, high inflation, limited upward mobility, rampant corruption, lack of political freedoms, and repressive security forces. -These factors have fueled opposition to Syria’s authoritarian government, which has been dominated by the Baath (Renaissance) Party since 1963, and the Al Asad family since 1970. -President Bashar al Asad’s father—Hafiz al Asad—ruled the country from 1970 until his death in 2000. *Since taking office in 2000, President Asad has offered and retracted the prospect of limited political reform, while aligning his government with Iran and non-state actors such as Hamas and Hezbollah in a complex rivalry with the United States and its Arab and non-Arab allies (including Israel). -Syria’s long-standing partnership with Russia has remained intact and is now the focus of intense diplomatic attention because Russia is one of the regime’s only remaining defenders. -As unrest emerged in other Arab countries in early 2011, Asad and many observers mistakenly believed that Syria’s pervasive police state and the population’s fear of sectarian violence would serve as a bulwark against the outbreak of turmoil. -Limited calls in February 2011 to organize reform protests failed, but the government’s torture of children involved in an isolated incident in the southern town of Dara’a in March provided a decisive spark for the emergence of demonstrations. -The use of force against demonstrators in Dara’a and later in other cities created a corresponding swell in public anger and public participation in protests. -The government organized large counterdemonstrations. -For much of 2011 and early 2012, a cycle of tension and violence intensified, as President Asad and his government paired limited reform gestures with the use of military force against protestors and armed opposition groups. -Violence was initially limited to certain locations but now has affected most major cities, including Damascus and Aleppo. -Members of different elites may seek compromise with the opposition, but there has been little public dissent from top regime figures. -Defections from the armed forces and from the political and business elites continue, and international sanctions and the disruptions of the conflict are creating hardship for ordinary Syrians. -As the conflict has dragged on, protestors and opposition fighters have defiantly resisted government crackdowns, in spite of the arrest of thousands of citizens and documented cases of torture and regime-instigated massacres. -The regime argues that opposition violence and abuses make a negotiated solution impossible, and President Asad refuses to leave power. -In an August 2012 report, the United Nations Human Rights Council commission of inquiry on Syria found: 2 reasonable grounds to believe that Government forces and the Shabbiha( is a term used in the context of the Syrian civil war to describe armed men in civilian clothing who assault protesters against the government of President Bashar Al-Assad.) had committed the crimes against humanity of murder and of torture, war crimes and gross violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, including unlawful killing, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, sexual violence, indiscriminate attack, pillaging and destruction of property . -The commission found reasonable grounds to believe that war crimes, including murder, extrajudicial execution and torture, had been perpetrated by organized anti-Government armed groups. Consequences *Latest news from Syria shows that the West is not going to stop, continuing efforts to consolidate the â€Å"opposition† and give the military resistance more centralized character, with the division into districts and Action Front of the rebel army. *At the same time, the regular army of Syria increasingly showing signs of weakening. *Actually,the consequences of the fall of the Syrian regime are significantly differentiated for Russia, China and Iran but more vulnerable to such threats is the Islamic Republic, however a detailed consideration of these issues is beyond the scope of this article. -One can only assume that at the critical point, these countries are more prefer to engage in a post-conflict settlement of fragmented Syria, which will allow them to maintain a semblance of respect for their interests and lost regional role and influence, rather than spending more resources to preserve the regime. *Meanwhile, the consequences of military action in Syria, regardless of the outcome, can have an impact on the situation in Central Asia and in particular in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and then create the conditions for the tension in Xinjiang along the entire borders of these countries. *Now in Syria, according to public information, in addition to the Free Syrian Army and various local rebel groups there are several number of groups of jihadist orientation, fighting in the ranks of the representatives of the Arab countries, as well as immigrants from Europe and other regions of the world, representing essentially gang mercenaries, under the auspices of the West, Turkey and the Arab monarchies. -But, for the countries of Central Asia, as well as Russia and China, should be of particular concern the so-called group of â€Å"Dzhebat al Nusra† (Jabhat al-Nusra=(â€Å"The Support Front for the People of Syria†), is a militant group operating in Syria.) or â€Å"Al-Nusra front to protect the Levant.† *According to the latest information, in the ranks of this group, which is considered by many experts as branch of al-Qaeda, involved citizens of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (natives of the North Caucasus), as well as citizens of the China (ethnic Uighurs). (Rim(8090))

Anxiety Management and the Elite Athlete Essay

Exercise/Sport Science Introduction            IntroductionThe ability in managing anxiety and pressure is an integrated section in sport science, most importantly within the elite athletes. Over the ages sport science researchers have been on the move to bring out a clear line between performance and anxiety in the field of athletics. This article is concerned with relevance in the perceptive of cognitive perspective. Researchers in sport science have not been able to give a clear illustration between these terms: anxiety, stress, activation and arousal the terms have over the ages been used interchangeably. This has made the researchers to encounter some challenges in trying to explain the relationship between performance and anxiety. To get a good glimpse on this article is worth to first understand the profound definitions of the commonly used terms. Stress from a psychological point of view can be defined as the state that arises from the demands placed on the athletes requiring them to engage on coping be haviors (Chia & Chiang, 2010).            Arousal is that state that an individual enters in a stressful state which is characterized by some specific psychological symptoms. From the above definitions we can understand what anxiety is. Anxiety is considered to be more situational, it is associated with the art of deliberate arousal of autonomic nervous system, hence trait anxiety, is regarded as the view of the world that an individual use in dealing with the situation in their present environment. Performance has been realized to be influenced by trait anxiety that is individuals who are deemed to be associated with great trait anxiety tend to attend more to information similar to threats unlike their counterpart with low anxiety trait (Chia & Chiang, 2010). Effect of Arousal and Anxiety on performance            Sport scientists have been devoted to explain vividly the effects of arousal and anxiety in the elite athletic performance sport wise. For the case of armature arousal is very competitive especially in the athletes in the individual sports as compared to team sport athletes. Participants in individual the non-contact sports have been identified to report low levels of state anxiety unlike individual participants in the contact sports (Chia & Chiang, 2010).            Arousal and anxiety are found to highly to affect the individual athlete’s self-confidence levels regardless of their long earned experience and skills. Individual with high self-confidence responds to arousal and anxiety in different ways unlike their counter parts, they always view anxiety as a facilitator in their sporting endeavors. From this point of view, their field participation will actually have to be credible hence they will achieve improved and great performance. The strongest feature that the elite athletes possess is that of high self- confidence levels. Having this quality enhances the athletes to have a most crucial protective factor from the actions of cognitive anxiety (Petrie, 1998).            The athletes, who have realized their optimal limit of arousal for maximized performance, need to employ appropriate relaxation or energizing measures with the aim of increasing or decreasing arousal levels. The coaches need to insight some psyched motivation to their athletes to perform best. The level of motivation should be dependent on individual levels. High arousal can be detrimental for some athlete some may respond positively as the others respond negatively (Petrie, 1998). In conclusion, when the coaches or the respective captains give encouraging speech to their team mates, it is associated with some elements of arousal. Highly aroused athletes are bound to perform better than it is their usual performance levels hence the respective coaches should do an after event evaluation to see clearly that the athlete did improve in performance genuinely. References Chia, M., & Chiang, J. (2010). Sport, science, and studies in Asia issues, reflections, and emergent solutions. Singapore: World Scientific. Petrie, T. A. (1998). Anxiety Management and the Elite Athlete. The Psychotherapy Patient, 10(3-4), 161-173. Source document

Feasibility of Mango Shake Essays

Feasibility of Mango Shake Essays Feasibility of Mango Shake Essay Feasibility of Mango Shake Essay Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Food is arguably the most important thing when it comes to a person’s life. Everyone eats, no matter what kind of diet they tend to have. Everyone just really eats food and that. The great thing about food, however, is that they tend to be quite unique to its location. A dish could be popular worldwide, but it can also be very local and specific to an area. This is mostly due to the fact that food largely reflects local culture. The ingredients and how the food is cooked say a lot about a specific region or country. Siomai in general is a popular food, not only in the Philippines but also in other countries. This is due to its delicious taste and simple preparation. Globally, this type of dimsum originated in Guangdon China (shumai). The other names for siomai are shaomai, shuimai and shewmai or which are traditional Chinese dumplings serve in dim sum. There are many regional version of shumai in China such as huhhot version and cantonese version and from Jiangnanregion. Its introduction and wide acceptance in parts of the world like in the Philippines and other south East Asian Nations, inevitably resulted to the evolution of many varieties, methods and preparation and using different ingredients(The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, 2009). That’s why siomai industry is becomes very popular because of its unique taste and one of the easiest to make. In Inner Mongolia,huhhotshaomaiis considered one of the oldest varieties of shaomai. Within the dimsum tradition of the southern china, it is one of the most standard dishes. : This is also popular in Vietnam they called it as â€Å" xiumai† one of the producer of siomai and in Japan â€Å" shumai† has also great indication demand of siomai. (Dictionary. coms 21st Century Lexicon, 2011). And in Hongkong many large dim sum restaurants offers scores of different varieties and one of those varieties is the siomai. The larger specialist dim sum restaurants will usually prepare up to 100 of them on any day. In the Philippines, food scene siomai has been causing quite a stir. Low total investment but faster Return on investment (ROI). With the proliferation of all kiosk and roadside stores selling freshly steamed and sometimes friedsiomai at a very affordable price. The family can now fully enjoy the delicious Chinese dumplings any days of the week without losing a big chunk of the already tightbudget (HsiungDeh-Ta. , 2005). In Pangasinan,specifically in Dagupan City, siomai also serves as one of the most popular light meal or snack in malls and sup ermarket. It is a welcome reprieve for the mothers who have kids and who love the tasty dumplings so much, but do not have the required time to regularly prepare one. There are franchisedstalls, such as MasterSiomai, Red Ninja, Siomai House and Shaolin shomai which targets students amp; working people. Chinese restaurants such as a Chowking, North Park, Davids Tea House, Flavors of China, Gloria Maris and many other restaurants also serve this. The proponents decided to enter in this kind of business not only to gain profit but also for their business to generate more employment in Dagupan City, Pangasinan. This is not only for the proponents benefit but also for the community of Dagupan City and to other places as well. Conceptual Framework The researchers used the Input-Process-Output Model in this study. The inputs of this study consist of the five aspects of the business as to market aspect, technical aspect, organizational and management aspect, financial aspect and socio- economic aspect. Descriptive survey method was used in gathering data and information. The formulation of questionnaires, conducting of surveys and one-on-one interview were the instruments used. The output of this study is the feasibility of Q-mai. Feasibility of Q-mai House Input ProcessOutput Descriptive Survey Method, Formulation of questionnaires, Conducting of Surveys, One-on-one interview Figure 1. 1 Research Paradigms As to Market As to Technical As to Organizational and Management As to Financial As to Socio-Economic Statement of the Problem The study sought to determine the feasibility of Q-Mai House, Oh my Q-mai!. Specifically, it sought answer to the question:What is the feasibility of Q-Mai House, Oh my Q-mai, as to: a) Marketing aspect; b) Technical aspect; c) Management aspect; d) Financial aspect; e) Socio-Economic aspect; Assumption The researchers assumed that: 1. Q-mai can be consumed in all seasons, thus, the demand is said to be highly relative. 2. There is no market that offers quail egg siomai in Dagupan City, hence, there is no direct competitor in the industry. 3. The application of a sole proprietorship as a form of business organization is an advantage because it is relatively simple to manage and control. 4. The Q-mai House will help the economy by providing employment and will also help the Government raise its revenues to settle expenses by paying taxes. Significance of the Study This feasibility study onQ-mai House in Dagupan City will benefit the following; Businessmen. This study will provide business people especially the beginners, a background about this business. It will answer the questions: How to start? How to do it? What is needed? And most especially, whoare the potential costumers? Thus, it will prepare the would-be-businessmen on what are the possible risks that should be anticipated involving this type of business. Customers. This study will benefit the customers because they could avail of a product that is affordable, nutritious, safe and readily available. Students. This is useful and interesting as a study guide and basis for those who are taking as a Bachelor of Business administration, that will undergo research, thesis and feasibility subject. Government. This studyhelps to improve our economy as a new and successful business through the business tax that should pay by the proposed business. With effort and interest the government may benefits more, though to the market being collected upon it. Scope and Limitations This study sought to determine the feasibility of Q-mai House as to market aspect, technical aspect, organizational and management aspect, financial aspect and socio-economic aspect. The proponents used descriptive survey method with questionnaire and interview as the primary sources of data and internet and library research as sources of secondary data. To gather data on the market aspect, questionnaires were distributed to and answered by a total of 378 students of University of Luzon. As to the technical, financial, management and socio-economic aspects, observation and interview of existing competitors, internet and library materials were the sources of data. Further, SPSS 17 was used in analyzing the data collected. Definition of Terms Business. Thisisan economic system in which goods and services are exchanged for one another or money, on the basis of their perceived worth. (BusinessDictionary. com , 2011) Entrepreneur. This is someone who exercises initiative by organizing a venture to take benefit of an opportunity and, as the decision maker, decides what, how, and how much of a good or service will be produced(BusinessDictionary. com , 2011). Feasibility Study. This is an analysis and evaluation of proposed project to determine if it is feasible to market, technical, organizational and management, financial and socio-economic aspect. Financial Aspect. Thisis a study which includes total project cost, major assumptions, projected financial statement and financial analysis. Market Aspect. Thisconsists of market programs and strategies, description of the product, the analysis of demand and supply, and price study. Organizational and Management Aspect. Thisincludes nature and form of the business, legal requirements, organizational structure, human resource management process, management style and pre-operating activities. Technical Aspect. Thisis the discussion of the basic and operation flow of the project. This factorresponds to the technicalities and basic structure of the proposed study. This includes the list of equipments, materials, structure plan and also the source of the supplies use in the proposed project. Business plans, utilities, facilities, layout designs and location. Social Responsibility. Thisis the obligation of an organizations management towards the welfare and interests of the society in which it operates (Baker, 2008). Socio- economic Aspect. This is a field of study that examines the social obligation and responsibilities, and economic contribution of the proposed business.

Analysis of the Case Oticon Using the Political Metaphor Essay Sample

1. IntroductionThe metaphors of organisations and direction have been discussed by Gareth Morgan in his book â€Å"Images of Organizations† ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Morgan exposed eight metaphorical images of organisations including machine. being. encephalon. civilization. political system. psychic prison. flux and transmutation. and instrument of domination. Each one of these metaphors creates insight. but besides obscures some corners. They have both pros and cons. They enable seeing. but besides non seeing. No 1 of them is said to be right and right. 2. BackgroundChattanooga Ice Cream Division is one of three major incorporated industries to CFC. Chattanooga Food Corporation. The division lost third-largest client for no logical grounds. Charles Moore. the president and general director of the division conducted a direction meeting to discourse current state of affairss. look into the root causes. and happen out proper solutions. Many struggles occurred during the meeting. The actions and reactions can be projected to reflect how the division maps as one of metaphorical images. In this study. the instance is analyzed utilizing the political system metaphor. In other words. it discusses what we could see and reflect when projecting the division’s behaviour on the rules and attacks of the political system metaphor. 3. TheoryAn organization’s political relations is most clearly manifest in the struggles and power dramas that sometimes occupy halfway phase. and in the infinite interpersonal machinations that provide recreations in the flow of organisational activity. More basically. nevertheless. political relations occurs on an on-going footing. frequently in a manner that is unseeable to all but those straight involved ( Bacharach A ; Lawler. 2000 ) . There are three relationships to be considered when speech production of organisations the systems of political activities. which are involvements. struggle and power ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Politics accepts the world of multilateralism. Therefore. the construct of political relations is strongly connected with the diverseness of involvements. Projecting that on organisations by and large. they could be regarded as spheres for accommodating different involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . Different involvements are natural and must be handled. For that intent. the general involvements are analyzed as single involvements. There are three types of single involvements including undertaking. calling. and extramural involvements. Undertaking involvements are connected with the work one time has to execute. while calling involvements are connected to what the individual want to accomplish with the work. The extramural involvements are connected what we want to accomplish as a private self’s. There is a structural diverseness of involvements in organisations. That could be bounded by two extremes along hierarchal graduated tables. where bureaucrats’ inclination represents the upper portion. and professionals’ inclination dominates the lower broad countries ( Benson. 1973 ) . When involvements collide. struggles arise. The political position admits the presence of struggles. There are three major signifiers of struggles including. struggles between individual. groups/departments. and value systems/structures ( Brown. 1983 ) . There are five chief attacks for struggle declaration. including avoiding. viing. suiting. compromising and collaborating manners ( Burrell A ; Morgan. 1979 ) . Power is the medium through which struggles are resolved ( Bacharach A ; Lawler. 1980 ) . There are two relevant positions of power signifiers including resources and societal relation or dependence. Furthermore. there are 14 beginnings of power. That may affect formal authorization ; control of scarce resources ; usage of organisational construction. regulations. and ordinances ; control of determination procedures ; control of cognition and information ; control of boundaries ; ability to get by with uncertainness ; control of engineering ; interpersonal confederations. webs. and control of informal organisation ; control of counterorganizations ; symbolism the direction of significance ; gender and the direction gender dealingss ; structural factors that define the phases of action ; and the power one already has ( Morgan. 2006 ) . 4. Analysis4. 1. InterestsWhen looking through the instance of Chattanooga Ice Cream Division. many manifestations and contemplation could be analyzed from the political system metaphor position. One of the worlds that political relations accept is that all political systems embrace different involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . The meeting Moore conducted reflects this world every bit good. As we noticed. many frailty presidents of the division’s sections tried to depict and analyse the job the division experienced in a manner that made their sections out of lending causes. For case. Billy Fale. the frailty president of production. tried to justify his section by explicating their immense attempt to acquire stock lists manageable despite the limited efficiency the division’s information systems had. Whereas. Stephanie Krane. the division’s accountant. blamed the complexness of the information systems that required long clip to develop. trial. and put in. Furthermore. for forcing herself off of the causation factors. Krane explained her experience to retrieve old problems. The other frailty presidents manipulated the description of the state of affairs so that the possible solutions go in their departments’ favours or involvements so to talk. Barry Walkins. the frailty president of selling. attributed the job to the disregard of his recommendations. He asked sing mixed-ins in the division’s production program. establishing that on his selling research. He might be seen as a director who wanted to enter a triumph for his manner of thought. researches. or departmental sphere. Another contemplation could be built on the reaction of Les Holly. the division’s gross revenues director. He tried to drive the sentiments judgmentally. Holly started reflect the root causes of the job from the sense that the remainder of directors didn’t have the broad image he had. since he used to pass most of the clip in the shops. He focused on operational lacks. such as stockouts and back orders. to do it rational to counterbalance that with the promotional allowances. irrespective any other conducive factors. Moore has accepted the difference of involvements of the directors. This is evident from the manner he dealt with their sentiments. He considered all solutions in malice of his familiarity to the background of motivations for each director. The single involvements could be classified into undertaking involvement. calling involvements. and extramural involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . Fale showed his involvements of maintaining everything under control by rejecting the alteration Walkins proposed. All his reactions during the meeting seemed to be operational and numerical contemplations. That sort of involvements could be seen as undertaking involvements. The same is to be said for Krane. Her remarks reflect her involvement of lodging to certainty and non doing mistakes. On the other manus. Holly’s involvements may be classified as calling involvements. as he emphasized on the promotional allowances many times. Possibly. he wanted to better his external personal relationships utilizing such allotments. In the same context. we think that Walkin’s involvements could be classified as extram ural involvements. since he wanted to turn out his endowment of marketing research practically. His proposal was rational and strongly relevant to the job. He tried to demo his trueness through his honest efforts to do the division changes positively. This manner of categorization doesn’t needfully mean that this categorization is an absolute affair. All of them may hold overlapped involvements that belong to each class. ConflictsAnother common facet of the political system is struggles. Conflict will ever be present every bit long as the involvements collide. That may include struggles between individuals. sections. and constructions ( Coser. 1956 ) . In Chattanooga. the struggle arose between Fale and Walkins were more personal. Walkins criticized Fale’s disregard to his suggestion. and Fale in bend criticized Walkins’ thoughts. Both reviews were directed to the personal behavior. Additionally. Holly criticized the policy concerned with cost decrease at the disbursal of gross revenues section. The struggle arose between him and Krane could be seen as departmental struggle. There are five common manners of struggle declaration including avoiding. via media. competition. adjustment. and coaction ( Burrell A ; Morgan. 1979 ) . For Chattanooga. and before the age of Charlie Moore. his male parent led the show wholly. He was the first responsible for about everything. while Charlie wanted to travel the division toward the collaborative manner. During the meeting. he gave manner for everybody to demo their contemplations. But they were still unfamiliar with this sort of communicating. When struggles arose. Moore played the function of moderator. which was doing certain that everybody would show about their ideas and sentiments reasonably. However. he kept the concluding determination to himself. We find the behavior Moore showed in struggle declaration is more like the adjustment manner. PowerPower is a really important histrion in the political systems. It is the medium through which struggles are resolved. There are 14 beginnings of power ( Morgan. 2006 ) . many of them could be projected on the instance. One of that is control of scarce resources including money. stuff. forces. and engineering ( Emerson. 1962 ) . Krane. as the division’s accountant. had the control to apportion resources including wages. disbursals. and information systems. She had extra beginning of power that represents a structural factor that defines the phase of histrions ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . This beginning of power came from her being monitored. non merely by Moore. but besides by Arthur Silver. the main fiscal officer. Therefore. she had more considerable power to accept or reject any thought. which interprets her confident reactions during the meeting. Fale. as the frailty president of production. had besides the power of engineering ( Child. 1985 ) . boundaries ( Millar A ; Rice. 1967 ) and resources control ( Emerson. 1962 ) . He had besides the ability to ge t by with uncertainnesss ( Hickson et al. . 1971 ) . His contemplations were cardinal and referral. since he managed the production procedures and could judge any suggestion wanted to be implemented. Fale had extra power of interpersonal confederations ( Pfeffer A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . which is represented by his friendly relationship with Frank O’Brien. the frailty president of forces. They used to hang out with each other for angling. When Frank changed his place during the meeting. Fale became more flexible to accommodate with Walkins’ proposal. That reflects a serious impact of interpersonal confederations within the organisation ( Pfeffer A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . Krane and Fale had the power of Moore’s trust in run intoing their promises ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . In the same context. Walkins had besides the power of information and cognition ( Crozier. 1964 ) . which is represented by his familiarity to the market tendencies and competitory advantages. Moore admitted his endowment and that was besides extra credits for Walkins. Bing the division’s gross revenues director. Holly had besides the power of cognition and networking ( Pfeffe r A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . He could lend in the solution by happening new clients. His direct exposure to the market added more power to him. In general and as a direction squad. all directors had the power of the usage of organisational construction. regulations. and ordinances ( Crozier. 1964 ) . But Moore might hold the biggest portion of power. non merely due to him being a general director. but besides as a descendent of the household to the full owned the division ( Kanter. 1977 ) . He controlled the determination doing procedure wholly ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . He started that by analysing the job. Then. he motivated the directors to portion their ideas. Finally. he ended up with choosing the most efficient solution that might accommodate the client orientation and budget. 5. CONCLUSIONSEven though the organisational political relations may be recognizable by everybody within any organisation. it is really rare to discourse it openly ( Morgan. 2006 ) . The instance of Chattanooga shows clear illustrations of subjects discussed in private. as we found when the caputs of sections questioned the competency and trustiness of each other. As discussed before. we can acknowledge that it is necessarily that political relations is indispensable characteristic of organisational life. The political metaphor emphasizes that the usage of power is cardinal of organisational analysis. The metaphor helps to better understand organizations’ reason. as it enforces the thought that actions within organisations are more political than rational ( Morgan. 2006 ) . In Chattanooga. each director suggested solutions so that to increase the benefits for his/her section instead than the benefit for the division as a whole. Furthermore. the political metaphor helps to happ en solutions to the thought that organisations are incorporate constructions. which is non ever the instance ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Moore failed to merely use the collaborative values of squad work in Chattanooga. while that worked successfully when he worked at National Geographic. The political metaphor focuses on involvements. struggles and beginnings of power in order to understand and pull off them ( Morgan. 2006 ) . That besides helped Moore to understand the force drivers within the division. Finally. the metaphor has great influence to actuate persons to move politically. The chief drawback of utilizing the political metaphor is frights of change overing every activity within organisations into political Acts of the Apostless. This may sometimes make ambiance of uncertainness and misgiving ( Morgan. 2006 ) . That appears in the Chattanooga instance when most of troughs reflected negative feelings about each other. Another restriction is that the coevals of penetrations through different involvements possibly misused to accomplish personal ends. Last. but non least. it is complex to cover with pluralism’s inquiry. As a consequence. the political metaphor must be used carefully ( Morgan. 2006 ) . 6. Reference Bachrach. P. and Baratz. M. S. ( 1962 ) . †Two Faces of Power. † American Political Science Review. Bachrach. P. and Baratz. M. S. ( 1970 ) . Power and Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. Bacharach. S. B. and Lawler. E. I. ( 1980 ) . Power and Politics in Organizations. San Francisco: Iossey-Bass. Bacharach. S. B. and Lawler. E. I. ( 2000 ) . Organizational Politics. Stamford. Connecticut: IAI Press. Benson. I. K. ( 1973 ) . â€Å"The Analysis of Bureaucratic-Professional Con?ict. † Sociological Quarterly. Brown. L. D. ( 1983 ) . â€Å"Managing Con?ict Among Groups. † pp. 225-237 in D. A. Kolb. I. M. Rubin. and Mclntyre. I. Organizational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs. Nickel: Prentice Hall. Buroway. M. ( 1979 ) . Manufacturing Consent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Burrell. G. and Morgan. G. ( 1979 ) . Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. London: Heinernann Educational Books. Child. I. ( 1935 ) . â€Å"Management Strategies. N ew Technology and the Labour Process. † in D. Knights. H. Willmott. and Collinson. D. Job Redesign. Aldershot. United kingdom: Cnnlpr. Coser. L. A. ( 1956 ) . The Functions of Social Con?ict. New York: Routledge A ; Kegan Paul. Crozier. M. ( 1964 ) . The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. London: Tavistock. Culbert. S. and McDonough. I. ( 1980 ) . The Invisible War: Prosecuting Self-Interest at Work. Toronto: Iohn Wiley. Emerson.

Business Communication - how to become more effective within the Essay - 1

Business Communication - how to become more effective within the organization - Essay Example in today’s business environment ushered in by technology and globalization, which is characterized by dispersed work groups that operate away from the home office. The current vogue in such a flexible working arrangement has added to the difficulty of getting business communication right. As it is, there are already enough sociological and psychological factors that prevent business communication from going around the organization in the sense that it was intended. This paper thus discussed all the perceived shortcomings in communication practices that have made businesses falter, and subsequently explored the methods by which business communication can be made more effective for the immediate and long-term benefit of the organization. People in organizations spend over 75 percent of their time in an interpersonal situation (Van Acker, online). Thus, it is no surprise to find that at the root of a large number of organizational problems is poor communications. Effective communication is an essential component of organizational success whether it is at the interpersonal, inter-group, intra-group, organizational or external levels (How-to Books, online). For human communication to be high in quality or effective, it must take into account not only the choice of language but also the movement of vocal cords, the reception of sound and its translation into neural signals, syntactic and phonological processing (Hauser, 1996). Even facial expressions and gestures influence the quality and outcome of communication (How-to Books). As for the communication message, social psychologists give it three components: content, context and treatment. Content is the essence of what one person desires to communicate to another, whil e context is the way the communicator presents the content of his message to his audience. As for treatment, it is how communication is arranged and conducted by the speaker, which supports the content and context of the message. In a business